All additives were diluted in distilled water (5 mL/kg) and sprayed onto the forage. The same amount of water was applied to the control to reduce the DM variation among treatments. Plastic buckets (20 L) were used as experimental silos. After packing to a density of 646 ± 17 kg/m3 (as fed basis), the silos were sealed, weighed, and stored at room temperature (20–27 ◦C) for 75 d. Immediately before opening, the silos were reweighed to determine DM and gas losses, expressed as a proportion of the DM ensiled.