Figure 1. Comparison of introductory students’ survey responses to 12 selected questions. The order of
the questions is such that the unfavorable response is largest for the first question (Question 20), second
largest for the second question (Question 12), etc. Uncertainty in data [25] was interpreted in terms of
standard error (SE). Typical SE values for introductory students on each of the AAPS items were between
+/-0.03 and +/-0.04, with the average standard error of +/-0.033.