For each food item, for thawing and freezing processes, the unfrozen water fraction and ice fraction as a function of temperature were obtained separately. At the initial freezing point or final thawing point (T1 in Fig. 1), unfrozen water fraction equals (xunf) total moisture fraction (xw) of food. During freezing, unfrozen water fraction reduces and follows the trend of AHC curve. At T2, the unfrozen water fraction was assumed to reach a constant value of bound water fraction (xb).