Porter and Reinhardt warn that “in addition to understanding its emissions costs, every firm needs to evaluate its vulnerability to climate-related effects such as regional shifts in the availability of energy and water, the reliability of infrastructures and supply chains, and the prevalence of infectious diseases.”28 Swiss Re, the world’s second-largest reinsurer, estimated that the overall economic costs of climate catastrophes related to climate change threatens to double to $150 billion per year by 2014. The insurance industry’s share of this loss would be $30–$40 billion annually.29 The effects of climate change on industries and companies throughout the world can be grouped into six categories of risks: regulatory, supply chain, product and technology, litigation, reputational, and physical.30