The extent and degree to which threatened wildlife can coexist
with humans over a sustained period is a central issue in conservation
science and policy (1, 2). Numerous conservation models
(e.g., state-managed reserves, community-managed areas, and
privately owned sanctuaries) have been proposed and implemented
to facilitate coexistence at different spatial scales (3–6). For example,
protected areas are designed to facilitate coexistence at a
regional scale (Fig. 1A)