3. Analysis
WTC profiles were based on the self-report (questionnaire) data, the classroom observations over four weeks, and the transcripts of six group and dyadic interaction sessions
484 Y. Cao, J. Philp / System 34 (2006) 480–493
over three weeks. Each learner’s self-report WTC frequency was calculated and averaged
as a percentage. For purposes of comparison between the three classroom contexts, tokens
of WTC behavior were calculated as a ratio of time for each individual. Spearman rankorder correlation coefficient was then employed to identify relationships between selfreport WTC and WTC behavior in the three classroom contexts – whole class, small
groups and dyads. A Friedman test, a non-parametric equivalent of ANOVA, was used
to assess differences between the three groups of data. Quantitative analysis was supplemented by a qualitative analysis of individual data from the three contexts.