Most previous studies of musculoskeletal disorders have
been based on students’ use of computers. There has been
some research carried out on factors related to the visual display
terminal (VDT) syndrome experienced by middle and
high school students. However, these days, many students
use smartphones for longer periods and more frequently
than computers because they are small, easily portable, and
accessible. Despite this, there has been little research on
the relationship between their use, pain, and posture or on
the effects that smartphone use has on the musculoskeletal
structure of each body region.