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Now if in the Middle Ages churches could offer sanctuary to the most common of criminals, could they not the for today do the same for the most conscientious among us? should a church declare itself a sanctuary for conscience" this should be considered less a means to shield a man. more a means to expose a church, an effort to make a church really a church. For if the state should decide that the arm of the law long was enough to reach inside a church there would be little church members could do to prevent an arrest. But the members could point out what they had already dramatically demonstrated, that the sanctity of conscience was being violated. On May 20, 1968, that Boston church offered sanctuary to Robert Talmanson and William Chase, both wanted for acts of disobedience to military duty. On May 23 they were arrested. Talmanson, going limp was carried from the pulpit where he was reading from the writings of Lao-tse. A Roman Catholic priest, Father Anthony Mullaney, told arresting officers as they entered that they were about to violate a moral sanctuary.'' He and another priest were among those beaten outside the church and arrested. Similar cases of sanctuary took place in Providence, Rhode Island and churches in New York City, Detroit and San Francisco declared themselves open to those seeking sanctuary After sanctuaries were provided in chapels at the Harvard Divinity Sehool and Boston University, a nonreligious sanctuary was conducted in the Student Center of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Other university sanctuaries were held as far apart as the City College of New York and the Uniersity of Hawaii. Noting that in the United States here was no legal recognition of the custom of sanctuary, which had once existed both in Europe and in old Hawaii, the University of Hawaii Resistance group stated: "Yet as a symbol of resistance to injustice, sanctuary remains effective today in stirring the conscience of man." Probably the most politically significant cases of the use of sanctuary occurred in the Persian Revolution in 1905-06, in combination with certain other methods including the closing of bazaars. These Persian examples are sufficiently important to merit fairly detailed descriptions Such sanctuary was powerful because the Shah's authority was believed to derive from religious sources: hence, when Islamic leaders of Persia went into sanctuary they were in fact withdrawing the religious basis of his right to rule
หน้า 206
There had been various grounds for dissatisfaction with the Shah Muzaffaru'd-Din: he was disliked for his extravagance. his love of foreign travel. the tariffs imposed by his imported Belgian officials and their arrogance. the exploitation of the country by foreign concessionnaried and the tyranny of his main Minister. Grand Vizier Abdu Hamid. who was known by his title. Aynu'd Dawla. This powerful nobleman was also believed to be cooperating with the Belgians and Russians against Persian interests When the Shah in April 1905 undertook a pilgrimage to Mashhad he traveled through Russian territory to reach it and was accompanied by a russian offical;there was disapproval in the Persian capital of Tehran. Many merchants therefore retired to Shah Abdu'l-Azim.a holy shrine near Tehran and the bazaar were closed for five day Later. various new grievances developed. One of those was the goverment violence at Mashhad under the oppressive rule of Agaf'd Dawla. This official had ordered his soldiers to fire on a crowd of people who in protest against his exactions had taken refuge within the holy precincts of the Shrine of Imam Riza. Mullas islamic teachers and businessmen also had been beaten(bastinadoed) As a result. in December 1905 a large number of merchants took sanctuary in the Royal Mosque, called Masjid-i-Shah. They were shortly joined by many of the chief mullas. The Imam Jum'a, or prayer leader of the congregation. himself a wealthy relative of the Shah, was asked by the Grand Vizier to disperse them. After violent eviction by the followers of the Imam-Jum'a the expelled mullas and a few others left the city and took refuge in the holy shrine of Shah Abdu'l-Azim. There was a difference in kind between a mosque and a holy shrine, a shrine being far more sacred. They were joined at the shrine by many other mullas and students, including Shaykh Fazlu'llah, who was to become famous as one of the three founders of the Constitutional Movement. The aim of this action, however, was simply the dismissal of the disliked Aynu d DawLa, the Grand Vizier: for this there was wide support The taking of sanctuary was known Persian as bast, and those taking sanctuary were called bastis. Three prominent persons including the Crown Prince. Mohamed Ali Mirza, contributed large sums of money for food and other supplies for the bastis. The Crown Prince is reported also to have urged the mulls of Tabriz to support the bast. Despite efforts of'Aynu d Dawla o prevent new volunteers and supplies from reaching the sanctuary, both got through. More mullas and theological student as well as merchants and traders, joined in the bast. The Shah's
หน้า 207
threats and promises failed to induce them to return to the capital of Tehran, and even a personal trip by the Amir Bahadur Jang, an army commander, accompanied by three hundred horsemen, failed to persuade the bustis to return from sanctuary. The historian Edward G. Browne writes of the events of January 1906: At length the scandal became so grave and the inconvenience so intolerable that the Shah sent them a dast-khai, or autograph letter promising to dismiss Aynu'd-Dawla: to convene the Adalat-khana. or"House of Justice", which they now demanded, and which was to consist of representatives elected by the clergy, merchants and landed proprietors, and presided over by the Shah himself: to abolish favouritism and to make all Persian subjects equal in the eyes of law. After photographic copies of this letter had been distributed through- out the country, the bastis returned to Tehran with great pomp, the leaders riding in the royal carriages, and were received by the Shah, who verbally renewed his promises. However, soon there were attempts to interpret away certain of these concessions: the"House of Justice' had never been intended to be a Legislative Assembly, it was said, but only a judicial court. As the weeks went on, there were new grounds for dissatisfaction, including currency problems. Toward the end of April the mullads of Tehran presented a petition to the Shah, asking that the promised reforms be implemented and that he use his executive power in accord with the laws. The petition was published in the official Gazette, but it had no results. Things steadily got worse. Spies were everywhere. Cossacks and soldiers filled the streets. A curfew was imposed three hours after sunset. There were more protests against the Grand Vizier, aynu'd-Dawla, and Islamic leaders preached sermons against autocracy and tyranny. A free National Library was set up to educate the people in patriotic ideas, and a secret society was formed The Shah suffered a paralytic stroke, and Aynu'd Dawla decided repression. Annoyed by the denunciations of himself from the pulpit. the Grand Vizier expelled Aga Sayyid Jamal, who then retired to the theological center of Qum, built around the shrine of an important female saint. Then Aynu'd-Dawla also decided to expel Shaykh Muhammad, a very effective preacher(Wd'iz), who was very popular among the artisans and humble folk of the bazaars. A crowd of people gathered around the preacher and the soldiers and attempted to prevent his removal. After
หน้า 208
Shaykh Muhammad had been imprisoned in a guardhouse.a student who was a descendant of Mohammed rushed the door trying to free him The soldiers disobeyed orders and refused to fire, but an officer personally killed the young man. The date was June 21, 1906. The body of the dead Sayyid Husayn was then carried through the streets and bazaars there were rioting and clashes between people and soldiers who had tried to stop the procession. Fifteen people were killed by shootings into the crowd. The soldiers succeeded in clearing the streets and occupied the whole town. But a large number of mullas. rawga khwans(who recite to the common people narratives about the sufferings of Mohammed's spiritual descendants), students, merchants, tradesmen, artisans and humble people then took sanctuary in the Masjid-i-Jami. the Mosque of Assembly, in the city's center. There they buried the body of the dead student They were besieged by soldiers for three or four days. after which the Shah granted their request for permission to leave the city and to retire to Qum, ninety miles to the south they left for qum about July 21. Thousands of people joined the clerical leaders in this procession from the capital to Qum: one Persian ti was like the street of author said the road between the two places ti was like the street of a town.among persians this is known as"the Great Exodus" Hijrati-kubra. . One historian of Persia writes: "This action amounted to a withdrawal of religious sanction for the regime and thus challenged its legitimacy.The Shah's permission for the bastis to leave the Masjid-i-jami to go to Qum had been given on the condition that the mujtahids("supreme religious judges" of the dominant Shia sect of Islam depart from the mosque alone. On their way to Qum, these mujtahids issued a notice threatening to leave Persia completely unless the Shah fulfilled his promises. General Percy Sykes reports: "As their absence would stop all legal transactions, this threat was really a serious one, for it would be equivalent to placing the land under an interdict. Meanwhile the bazaars and shops had been closed in pro
หน้า 205
Now if in the Middle Ages churches could offer sanctuary to the most common of criminals, could they not the for today do the same for the most conscientious among us? should a church declare itself a sanctuary for conscience" this should be considered less a means to shield a man. more a means to expose a church, an effort to make a church really a church. For if the state should decide that the arm of the law long was enough to reach inside a church there would be little church members could do to prevent an arrest. But the members could point out what they had already dramatically demonstrated, that the sanctity of conscience was being violated. On May 20, 1968, that Boston church offered sanctuary to Robert Talmanson and William Chase, both wanted for acts of disobedience to military duty. On May 23 they were arrested. Talmanson, going limp was carried from the pulpit where he was reading from the writings of Lao-tse. A Roman Catholic priest, Father Anthony Mullaney, told arresting officers as they entered that they were about to violate a moral sanctuary.'' He and another priest were among those beaten outside the church and arrested. Similar cases of sanctuary took place in Providence, Rhode Island and churches in New York City, Detroit and San Francisco declared themselves open to those seeking sanctuary After sanctuaries were provided in chapels at the Harvard Divinity Sehool and Boston University, a nonreligious sanctuary was conducted in the Student Center of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Other university sanctuaries were held as far apart as the City College of New York and the Uniersity of Hawaii. Noting that in the United States here was no legal recognition of the custom of sanctuary, which had once existed both in Europe and in old Hawaii, the University of Hawaii Resistance group stated: "Yet as a symbol of resistance to injustice, sanctuary remains effective today in stirring the conscience of man." Probably the most politically significant cases of the use of sanctuary occurred in the Persian Revolution in 1905-06, in combination with certain other methods including the closing of bazaars. These Persian examples are sufficiently important to merit fairly detailed descriptions Such sanctuary was powerful because the Shah's authority was believed to derive from religious sources: hence, when Islamic leaders of Persia went into sanctuary they were in fact withdrawing the religious basis of his right to rule
หน้า 206
There had been various grounds for dissatisfaction with the Shah Muzaffaru'd-Din: he was disliked for his extravagance. his love of foreign travel. the tariffs imposed by his imported Belgian officials and their arrogance. the exploitation of the country by foreign concessionnaried and the tyranny of his main Minister. Grand Vizier Abdu Hamid. who was known by his title. Aynu'd Dawla. This powerful nobleman was also believed to be cooperating with the Belgians and Russians against Persian interests When the Shah in April 1905 undertook a pilgrimage to Mashhad he traveled through Russian territory to reach it and was accompanied by a russian offical;there was disapproval in the Persian capital of Tehran. Many merchants therefore retired to Shah Abdu'l-Azim.a holy shrine near Tehran and the bazaar were closed for five day Later. various new grievances developed. One of those was the goverment violence at Mashhad under the oppressive rule of Agaf'd Dawla. This official had ordered his soldiers to fire on a crowd of people who in protest against his exactions had taken refuge within the holy precincts of the Shrine of Imam Riza. Mullas islamic teachers and businessmen also had been beaten(bastinadoed) As a result. in December 1905 a large number of merchants took sanctuary in the Royal Mosque, called Masjid-i-Shah. They were shortly joined by many of the chief mullas. The Imam Jum'a, or prayer leader of the congregation. himself a wealthy relative of the Shah, was asked by the Grand Vizier to disperse them. After violent eviction by the followers of the Imam-Jum'a the expelled mullas and a few others left the city and took refuge in the holy shrine of Shah Abdu'l-Azim. There was a difference in kind between a mosque and a holy shrine, a shrine being far more sacred. They were joined at the shrine by many other mullas and students, including Shaykh Fazlu'llah, who was to become famous as one of the three founders of the Constitutional Movement. The aim of this action, however, was simply the dismissal of the disliked Aynu d DawLa, the Grand Vizier: for this there was wide support The taking of sanctuary was known Persian as bast, and those taking sanctuary were called bastis. Three prominent persons including the Crown Prince. Mohamed Ali Mirza, contributed large sums of money for food and other supplies for the bastis. The Crown Prince is reported also to have urged the mulls of Tabriz to support the bast. Despite efforts of'Aynu d Dawla o prevent new volunteers and supplies from reaching the sanctuary, both got through. More mullas and theological student as well as merchants and traders, joined in the bast. The Shah's
หน้า 207
threats and promises failed to induce them to return to the capital of Tehran, and even a personal trip by the Amir Bahadur Jang, an army commander, accompanied by three hundred horsemen, failed to persuade the bustis to return from sanctuary. The historian Edward G. Browne writes of the events of January 1906: At length the scandal became so grave and the inconvenience so intolerable that the Shah sent them a dast-khai, or autograph letter promising to dismiss Aynu'd-Dawla: to convene the Adalat-khana. or"House of Justice", which they now demanded, and which was to consist of representatives elected by the clergy, merchants and landed proprietors, and presided over by the Shah himself: to abolish favouritism and to make all Persian subjects equal in the eyes of law. After photographic copies of this letter had been distributed through- out the country, the bastis returned to Tehran with great pomp, the leaders riding in the royal carriages, and were received by the Shah, who verbally renewed his promises. However, soon there were attempts to interpret away certain of these concessions: the"House of Justice' had never been intended to be a Legislative Assembly, it was said, but only a judicial court. As the weeks went on, there were new grounds for dissatisfaction, including currency problems. Toward the end of April the mullads of Tehran presented a petition to the Shah, asking that the promised reforms be implemented and that he use his executive power in accord with the laws. The petition was published in the official Gazette, but it had no results. Things steadily got worse. Spies were everywhere. Cossacks and soldiers filled the streets. A curfew was imposed three hours after sunset. There were more protests against the Grand Vizier, aynu'd-Dawla, and Islamic leaders preached sermons against autocracy and tyranny. A free National Library was set up to educate the people in patriotic ideas, and a secret society was formed The Shah suffered a paralytic stroke, and Aynu'd Dawla decided repression. Annoyed by the denunciations of himself from the pulpit. the Grand Vizier expelled Aga Sayyid Jamal, who then retired to the theological center of Qum, built around the shrine of an important female saint. Then Aynu'd-Dawla also decided to expel Shaykh Muhammad, a very effective preacher(Wd'iz), who was very popular among the artisans and humble folk of the bazaars. A crowd of people gathered around the preacher and the soldiers and attempted to prevent his removal. After
หน้า 208
Shaykh Muhammad had been imprisoned in a guardhouse.a student who was a descendant of Mohammed rushed the door trying to free him The soldiers disobeyed orders and refused to fire, but an officer personally killed the young man. The date was June 21, 1906. The body of the dead Sayyid Husayn was then carried through the streets and bazaars there were rioting and clashes between people and soldiers who had tried to stop the procession. Fifteen people were killed by shootings into the crowd. The soldiers succeeded in clearing the streets and occupied the whole town. But a large number of mullas. rawga khwans(who recite to the common people narratives about the sufferings of Mohammed's spiritual descendants), students, merchants, tradesmen, artisans and humble people then took sanctuary in the Masjid-i-Jami. the Mosque of Assembly, in the city's center. There they buried the body of the dead student They were besieged by soldiers for three or four days. after which the Shah granted their request for permission to leave the city and to retire to Qum, ninety miles to the south they left for qum about July 21. Thousands of people joined the clerical leaders in this procession from the capital to Qum: one Persian ti was like the street of author said the road between the two places ti was like the street of a town.among persians this is known as"the Great Exodus" Hijrati-kubra. . One historian of Persia writes: "This action amounted to a withdrawal of religious sanction for the regime and thus challenged its legitimacy.The Shah's permission for the bastis to leave the Masjid-i-jami to go to Qum had been given on the condition that the mujtahids("supreme religious judges" of the dominant Shia sect of Islam depart from the mosque alone. On their way to Qum, these mujtahids issued a notice threatening to leave Persia completely unless the Shah fulfilled his promises. General Percy Sykes reports: "As their absence would stop all legal transactions, this threat was really a serious one, for it would be equivalent to placing the land under an interdict. Meanwhile the bazaars and shops had been closed in pro
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