Introduction
Atmospheric aerosols are the dominant contributor to the
absorption of light in the visible and in the near-infrared spectral
region. Black carbon (BC) is almost exclusively responsible for
the light absorption by particles (Taha et al., 2007) and is a major
contributor to the fine particulate matter in the atmosphere. The
most important sources for atmospheric BC are the burning of
fossil fuels, forest fires, and biomass burning. Biomass burning
may be the dominant BC source over tropical regions and over
most of the southern hemisphere (Pakkanen et al., 2000). In
Indonesia, the biomass burning factor contributes about 40%
of the PM2.5 mass in the suburban area in Lembang and about
20% in the urban area in Bandung (Santoso et al., 2008). In
European cities BC is strongly related to traffic, and BC is
among the most important contributors to fine particulate matter
of both PM2.5 and PM10 (Pakkanen et al., 2000).
Pollution caused by airborne particulate matter (APM) in
several cities in Indonesia has become worse due to economic
activities, rapid population growth, urbanization, and industrialization.
It is now being recognized as a national problem with
a serious impact on human health. In Indonesia, air quality
Introduction
Atmospheric aerosols are the dominant contributor to the
absorption of light in the visible and in the near-infrared spectral
region. Black carbon (BC) is almost exclusively responsible for
the light absorption by particles (Taha et al., 2007) and is a major
contributor to the fine particulate matter in the atmosphere. The
most important sources for atmospheric BC are the burning of
fossil fuels, forest fires, and biomass burning. Biomass burning
may be the dominant BC source over tropical regions and over
most of the southern hemisphere (Pakkanen et al., 2000). In
Indonesia, the biomass burning factor contributes about 40%
of the PM2.5 mass in the suburban area in Lembang and about
20% in the urban area in Bandung (Santoso et al., 2008). In
European cities BC is strongly related to traffic, and BC is
among the most important contributors to fine particulate matter
of both PM2.5 and PM10 (Pakkanen et al., 2000).
Pollution caused by airborne particulate matter (APM) in
several cities in Indonesia has become worse due to economic
activities, rapid population growth, urbanization, and industrialization.
It is now being recognized as a national problem with
a serious impact on human health. In Indonesia, air quality
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