This conclusion—that PA is beneficial at work—is, in our view, only a beginning though. Reality certainly is
more nuanced than this conclusion may suggest. Despite the supportive evidence, the notion that all PA, in all forms
and on all occasions, is universally or necessarily beneficial is almost certainly incorrect. Even meta-analytic results
produce only modest correlations between state and trait PA and job outcomes (e.g., Kaplan, Bradley, Luchman, &
Haynes, 2009). Also, a few studies reveal that PA sometimes leads to unfavorable, not desirable, outcomes
(Csikszentmihalyi, 1990; George & Zhou, 2002). Similarly, in terms of PA as an outcome, the idea that all favorable
work events lead to the same positive reactions, in terms of nature and intensity, is suspect (Fisher, 2010).
This conclusion—that PA is beneficial at work—is, in our view, only a beginning though. Reality certainly ismore nuanced than this conclusion may suggest. Despite the supportive evidence, the notion that all PA, in all formsand on all occasions, is universally or necessarily beneficial is almost certainly incorrect. Even meta-analytic resultsproduce only modest correlations between state and trait PA and job outcomes (e.g., Kaplan, Bradley, Luchman, &Haynes, 2009). Also, a few studies reveal that PA sometimes leads to unfavorable, not desirable, outcomes(Csikszentmihalyi, 1990; George & Zhou, 2002). Similarly, in terms of PA as an outcome, the idea that all favorablework events lead to the same positive reactions, in terms of nature and intensity, is suspect (Fisher, 2010).
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