For Thai policy-makers’ perception, these are sunrise, but in fact become sunset in Japan and the East Asian NIEs.
Exports of labor-intensive manufactures, especially, textile and clothing are encountering increasing protectionism in industrial
markets. The Multi-Fiber Arrangement (MFA) provides an effective restriction for developed countries to reduce textile
products from developing countries. (See Anderson, 1992; Suphachalasai, 1992).