2.2 Evolution and Ontogeny of the Digestive Tract
The gut of protochordates consists of a simple, straight tube through which food is propelled by ciliary action. An early elaboration of the gut is seen in lampreys where an infolding (typhlosole) of the gut wall presumably increases the absorptive area of the gut. A similar, but spiral, infolding of the hindgut occurs in sharks, rays, and the coelocanth (Latimeria) in the form of the spiral valve (spiral intestine). The gut wall in lampreys also contains diagonal muscle fibres, although true peristalsis (travelling wave of contraction) is thought not to occur. Teleost fish have a gut which is typical of the higher vertebrates in many respects, although the midgut villi (absorptive papilli) of mammals are absent in fish.
The gut forms very early during embryological development (ontogeny) and shows some of the same stages of development as in the evolution of the vertebrate gut, some larval fish having portions of their gut which are ciliated, for example. The general character and even the length of the gut may change during development. The gut appears to shorten, for example, in fish in which the larval stage is herbivorous and the adult stage is carnivorous. In other fish the gut length remains relatively constant in proportion to body size throughout life.
2.2 Evolution and Ontogeny of the Digestive Tract
The gut of protochordates consists of a simple, straight tube through which food is propelled by ciliary action. An early elaboration of the gut is seen in lampreys where an infolding (typhlosole) of the gut wall presumably increases the absorptive area of the gut. A similar, but spiral, infolding of the hindgut occurs in sharks, rays, and the coelocanth (Latimeria) in the form of the spiral valve (spiral intestine). The gut wall in lampreys also contains diagonal muscle fibres, although true peristalsis (travelling wave of contraction) is thought not to occur. Teleost fish have a gut which is typical of the higher vertebrates in many respects, although the midgut villi (absorptive papilli) of mammals are absent in fish.
The gut forms very early during embryological development (ontogeny) and shows some of the same stages of development as in the evolution of the vertebrate gut, some larval fish having portions of their gut which are ciliated, for example. The general character and even the length of the gut may change during development. The gut appears to shorten, for example, in fish in which the larval stage is herbivorous and the adult stage is carnivorous. In other fish the gut length remains relatively constant in proportion to body size throughout life.
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