When emotional labor was first presented as an entity, it was seen as different from physical or mental labor (Hochschild, 1983).However, as the number of occupations in which emotional expres-sion is part of the job has increased in many industries along withthe expanded areas of service to which it applies due to industrialfusion, emotional labor is now a representative form of labor per-formed by many employees. Emotional labor is perceived as moreimportant in those occupations where employees directly deal withand provide services to customers, such as hotels and the food-service industry (Pizam, 2004; Lee and Ok, 2012). Leidner’s (1993)study on the training of fast-food workers documented the nega-tive emotional and social effects on employees of their engaging inextensive emotional labor with customers.