It involves assessment of the actual transfer of resources between actors who have entered an exchange relationship. Once an exchange relation has emerged and the transfer of resources between actors occurs, its consequences are evaluated.
Consequences of Exchange
Upon completion of the exchange process, an evaluation of its consequences takes place. When evaluation of the consequences of an ex-
change transaction are viewed as being rewarding and positive (Flow 4), the actor's needs are satisfied and it reinforces the behavior of the actor such that the latter is likely to continue engaging in future exchanges. Perdue, Long and Allen (1990) found that support for additional tourism development was related to perceived positive impacts of tourism and negatively related to perceived negative impacts, thus suggesting that behavioral intentions were related to residents' perceptions.
Alternatively, if the consequences of the exchange have been evaluated as being unrewarding and negative, then exchange behavior is likely to be withdrawn with no exchange likely to occur between the actors in the future (Flow 4a). Nash (1989:46) recognized the possibility of exchange not being as beneficial as expected: "Of course, calculations may go awry, and what may have appeared to be a profitable venture may turn out in the end to be extremely costly they [entrepreneurial hosts] may begin to have second thoughts about the wisdom of their initial calculations." A reduction or withdrawal of behavior may also occur at the antecedents stage of the process (Flow 2a) where the actor assesses that engaging in exchange would result in some or all of the antecedent conditions not being met (for example, reciprocity is unequal, injustice, or benefits do not attain an acceptable level). Withdrawal as a response in the host-guest relationship was found by Rothman (1978) who reported that residents tend to avoid areas frequented by seasonal visitors. Furthermore, Dokan (1989) noted one of the responses used by host residents in coping with the changes wrought by tourism was the avoidance of contact with tourists, which was described as a form of "retreatism." At times, one actor may impose upon another and there is no opportunity for a choice of behavior upon the imposed actor, because the matter is a fait accompli. This occurs when mutual benefit from exchange may not be the objective of the coercer. Nonetheless, the disadvantaged actor still has the opportunity to evaluate the consequences and it is likely to be evaluated negatively.
The consequences of the exchange transaction depend upon what resources are valued and exchanged by the respective actors. These consequences may be positive or negative, and may also be evaluated in terms of outputs, actions, and/or outcomes. In this model, residents' perceptions of the consequences of tourism impacts are primarily considered experiential or psychological outcomes. The recognition of varying consequences of exchange was noted by Bagozzi (1979). How-
ever, his description of the categories is not consistent with social psychological interpretations of the consequences of social behavior. Accordingly, the categories have been adapted and revised into categories of outputs, actions, and outcomes.
It involves assessment of the actual transfer of resources between actors who have entered an exchange relationship. Once an exchange relation has emerged and the transfer of resources between actors occurs, its consequences are evaluated.
Consequences of Exchange
Upon completion of the exchange process, an evaluation of its consequences takes place. When evaluation of the consequences of an ex-
change transaction are viewed as being rewarding and positive (Flow 4), the actor's needs are satisfied and it reinforces the behavior of the actor such that the latter is likely to continue engaging in future exchanges. Perdue, Long and Allen (1990) found that support for additional tourism development was related to perceived positive impacts of tourism and negatively related to perceived negative impacts, thus suggesting that behavioral intentions were related to residents' perceptions.
Alternatively, if the consequences of the exchange have been evaluated as being unrewarding and negative, then exchange behavior is likely to be withdrawn with no exchange likely to occur between the actors in the future (Flow 4a). Nash (1989:46) recognized the possibility of exchange not being as beneficial as expected: "Of course, calculations may go awry, and what may have appeared to be a profitable venture may turn out in the end to be extremely costly they [entrepreneurial hosts] may begin to have second thoughts about the wisdom of their initial calculations." A reduction or withdrawal of behavior may also occur at the antecedents stage of the process (Flow 2a) where the actor assesses that engaging in exchange would result in some or all of the antecedent conditions not being met (for example, reciprocity is unequal, injustice, or benefits do not attain an acceptable level). Withdrawal as a response in the host-guest relationship was found by Rothman (1978) who reported that residents tend to avoid areas frequented by seasonal visitors. Furthermore, Dokan (1989) noted one of the responses used by host residents in coping with the changes wrought by tourism was the avoidance of contact with tourists, which was described as a form of "retreatism." At times, one actor may impose upon another and there is no opportunity for a choice of behavior upon the imposed actor, because the matter is a fait accompli. This occurs when mutual benefit from exchange may not be the objective of the coercer. Nonetheless, the disadvantaged actor still has the opportunity to evaluate the consequences and it is likely to be evaluated negatively.
The consequences of the exchange transaction depend upon what resources are valued and exchanged by the respective actors. These consequences may be positive or negative, and may also be evaluated in terms of outputs, actions, and/or outcomes. In this model, residents' perceptions of the consequences of tourism impacts are primarily considered experiential or psychological outcomes. The recognition of varying consequences of exchange was noted by Bagozzi (1979). How-
ever, his description of the categories is not consistent with social psychological interpretations of the consequences of social behavior. Accordingly, the categories have been adapted and revised into categories of outputs, actions, and outcomes.
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