The crude and adjusted geometric means of blood cadmium concentrations by general demographic and lifestyle factors are listed in Table 3. Blood cadmium levels were not significantly different with regard to gender, residential area, BMI status or household income. The crude and adjusted geometric mean of blood cadmium levels was significantly higher in adolescents aged 13–15 years and 16–18 years than in those aged 10–12 years (P < 0.001). Subjects living in a multifamily house or commercial building had higher blood cadmium concentrations than those who lived in
an apartment (P < 0.01). Blood cadmium levels were significantly higher in current active smokers compared to those in non-smokers (P < 0.001). Additionally, significantly higher blood cadmium levels were observed in the occasional and excessive drinking group than in the control group (none) (P < 0.05). The blood cadmium levels were significantly higher in iron deficiency and IDA groups than in the control group in crude and adjusted analyses.
The odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for high blood cadmium (>90th percentile) from multivariate logistic regression analysis are shown in Fig. 1. Independent predictors for higher blood cadmium concentrations were current smoker (OR = 7.77), alcohol consumption (OR = 4.31) living in a multifamily house or commercial building (OR = 3.11–3.46), and IDA (OR = 2.64).