considered appropriate for obtaining information about parent/grandparent-child interactions as they relate to the culture, traditional life activities and behaviors of the participants. Ethical considerations: Data collection was initiated following approval to conduct the study from the Graduate School’s Ethical Research Committee of the primary investigator’s (PI) academic institution, and the administrators of the eleven organizations used to access potential subjects. All potential participants were informed about: the nature of the study; what study involvement entailed (i.e. interviews, observations, audio/video recordings and note taking by the PI); anonymity and confidentiality issues; voluntary involvement; and, the right to withdraw from the study at any time without repercussions. Those who consented to participate either signed a consent form or gave verbal consent