Direct electrification Use of electricity via a cable as the primary
transport fuel.
Battery electrification Use of electricity via a battery as the primary
transport fuel.
Hydrogen Convert electricity into hydrogen, which is then
used in the vehicles.
Fermentation Convert straw to a fuel suitable for transport
(i.e. ethanol) using a fermenter.
Bioenergy
hydrogenation
Gasify a biomass resource OR use anaerobic
digester to produce biogas. Afterwards boost its
energy potential as a transport fuel using hydrogen
from steam electrolysis.
CO2 hydrogenation
(CO2Hydro)
Create a fuel without any direct bioenergy
consumption using hydrogen from steam
electrolysis and sequestered carbon dioxide.
Co-electrolysis Create a fuel without any direct bioenergy
consumption by using co-electrolysis of steam
and sequestered carbon dioxide