As assessed in RCTs, a small but significant decrease in subjective measures of satiety or fullnesswas observed with NSS intake (SMD –0.15; 95% CI –0.30,–0.01; three trials with 518 participants;I2 98%) (Annex 9: Fig. A9.60). In addition, one RCT (41) and one nonrandomized controlled trial(177) reported no effects narratively.