Reports have also shown that a full-genome sequence of MERS-CoV (Jordan-N3/2012 strain) exhibitedstability after sequential passages in two mammalian cell lines:Vero (African green monkey kidney) and MRC5 (human lung) (Freyet al., 2014). The above studies indicate the potential for develop-ing live-attenuated viruses as MERS vaccine candidates. Moreover,it was reported that high titers of specific antibodies with neu-tralizing activity can be generated in mice through vaccinationwith nanoparticles expressing the full-length MERS-CoV S protein,suggesting the possibility of developing nanoparticle-based MERSvaccines (Coleman et al., 2014a).