more recent work in the construction of negative messages validates Limaye's approach of incorporating explanation and extends this into a preference for an indirect structure offering the explanation first. conducted a series of experiments testing direct and indirect message structures for comprehension, compliance, and evaluation of the writer. They found that indirect messages were better at preserving the "face" of the recipient and allowed for the negative message to be accepted more readily. Jansen and Jansen suggest that this structure works because offering the explanation first allows the reader to gradually adapt to the sender's thinking as "the decision becomes a part of their cognitive belief system even before they actually read it