All randomised or quasi-randomised controlled trials designed to evaluate any intervention for treating nipple pain among breastfeeding
women. Trials using a cluster-randomised design were eligible for inclusion. Cross-over trials were not eligible for inclusion. The
following interventions were eligible for inclusion compared with each other or usual care (i.e. education only): pharmacological (e.g.
antifungal creams); non-pharmacological topical treatments (e.g. lanolin); dressings (e.g. hydrogel dressings); nipple protection devices
(e.g. breast shells), phototherapy, and expressed breast milk. Nipple pain in women who are feeding with expressed breast milk (i.e.
women of infants in neonatal units) is associated with other methods of removing milk from the mother’s breast such as manual
expression and various types of breast pumps. Nipple pain and subsequent treatment is different in this unique maternal population
and thus we excluded women solely feeding with expressed breast milk from this review.