In the AT treatment, students try to represent both the animation and the on-screen text in visual working memory. Although some of the visually represented text eventually may be translated into an acoustic modality for auditory working memory, visual working memory is likely to become overloaded. Students in Group AT must process all incoming information—at least initially—through their visual working memory. Given the limited resources students have for visual information processing, using a visual modality to present both pictorial and verbal information can create an overload situation for the learner. If students pay full attention to on-line text, they may miss some of the