Driving
Driving while either intoxicated or drunk is dangerous and drivers with high blood alcohol content or concentration (BAC) are at greatly increased risk of car accidents, highway injuries and vehicular deaths. Possible prevention measures examined here include establishing DWI courts, suspending or revoking driver licenses, impounding or confiscating vehicle plates, impounding or immobilizing vehicles, enforcing open container bans, increasing penalties such as fines or jail for drunk driving, and mandating alcohol education. Safety seat belts, air bags, designated drivers, and effective practical ways to stay sober are also discussed.
Canada's Drunk and Impaired Driving Laws
The Canadian Criminal Codeincludes measures to prohibit and punish impaired driving. The Criminal Code also prescribes the procedures to be followed to obtain the evidence necessary for prosecution of these offences.
THE PROBLEM
Every single injury and death caused by drunk driving is totally preventable. Although the proportion of crashes that are alcohol-related has dropped dramatically in recent decades, there are still far too many such preventable accidents. Unfortunately, in spite of great progress, alcohol-impaired driving remains a serious national problem that tragically effects many victims annually.
It's easy to forget that dry statistics represent real people and real lives. Therefore, this page is dedicated to the memory of one randomly-selected victim of a drunk driver, young Holli Crockett.
THE FACTS
Most drivers who have had something to drink have low blood alcohol content or concentration (BAC) and few are involved in fatal crashes. On the other hand, while only a few drivers have BACs higher than .15, a much higher proportion of those drivers have fatal crashes.
• The average BAC among fatally injured drinking drivers is .16 1
• The relative risk of death for drivers in single-vehicle crashes with a high BAC is 385 times that of a zero-BAC driver and for male drivers the risk is 707 times that of a sober driver, according to estimates by the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS). 2
• High BAC drivers tend to be male, aged 25-35, and have a history of DWI convictions and polydrug abuse. 3
THE SOLUTION
Drunk driving, like most other social problems, resists simple solutions. However, there are a number of actions, each of which can contribute toward a reduction of the problem:
• DWI courts, sometimes called DUI courts, sobriety courts, wellness courts or accountability courts have proven effective in reducing the crime of drunken driving (driving while intoxicated or while impaired). Such courts address the problem of hard-core repeat offenders by treating alcohol addiction or alcoholism. The recidivism or failure rate of DWI courts is very low.
• Automatic license revocation appears to be the single most effective measure to reduce drunk driving.
• Automatic license revocation along with a mandatory jail sentence appears to be even more effective than just automatic license revocation.
• Impounding or confiscating license plates.
• Mandating the installation of interlock devices that prevent intoxicated persons from starting a vehicle.
• Vehicle impoundment or immobilization.
• Expanding alcohol server training programs.
• Implementing social norms programs that correct the misperception that most people sometimes drive under the influence of alcohol.
• Passing mandatory alcohol and drug testing in fatal crashes would promote successful prosecution of drunk and drugged drivers. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration has estimated that 18-20% of injured drivers are using drugs and although drinking is on the decline, drugging is on the increase. However, this figure appears to be much too low. For example:
o A study of drivers admitted to a Maryland trauma center found that 34% tested positive for drugs only, while 16% tested positive for alcohol only.
o In a large study of almost 3,400 fatally injured drivers from three Australian states, drugs other than alcohol were present in 26.7% of the cases. Fewer than 10% of the cases involved both alcohol and drugs.
o NIDA’s Monitoring the Future survey indicated that in 2004, 12.7% of high school seniors in the U.S. reported driving under the influence of marijuana and 13..2% reported driving under the influence of alcohol in the two weeks prior to the survey.
o In the State of Maryland’s Adolescent Survey, 26.8% of the state’s licensed, 12th grade drivers reported driving under the influence of marijuana during the year before the survey.
MADD Canada is to be commended for recognizing this serious but generally unrecognized problem and including the reduction of drugged driving as a major goal. Of course, fighting drugged driving must not detract us from working to reduce drunken driving.
Promising but inadequately evaluated measures include:
• Marking the license plate to indicate ownership in the family of someone whose driver's license is suspended or revoked for alcohol offenses.
• Restricting nighttime driving by young people. This appears to be effective in those states with such restrictions.
• Involving drivers in identifying and reporting possibly drunken drivers to law enforcement authorities by dialing 911 on their cell phones. See Help Police Stop Drunken Drivers
All of these very promising measures should be rigorously evaluated scientifically to determine their potential contribution to improving safety.
PROTECT YOURSELF
While society has done much to improve highway safety, you can do much to protect yourself.
Don't drink and drive and don't ride with anyone who has too much to drink. Remember, it is usually themselves and their passengers who are harmed by drunk drivers. The risk of collision for high BAC drivers is dramatically higher than for a non-drinking driver.
• Volunteer to be a designated driver.
• Always use a safety seat belt.
• Use four-lane highways whenever possible.
• Avoid rural roads.
Avoid travel after midnight (especially on Fridays and Saturdays).
• Drive defensively.
• Choose vehicles with airbags.
• Refer to safety ratings before selecting your next vehicle. See "Buying a Safer Car" (nhtsa.dot.gov/cars/testing/NCAP). "Buying A Safer Car" includes safety ratings of cars, vans, and sport utility vehicles by year, make, and model.
• Never use illegal drugs. Illicit drugs are involved in a large proportion of traffic fatalities.
• Never drive when fatigued. The dangers posed when fatigued are similar to those when intoxicated. A drunk or fatigued driver has slowed reactions and impaired judgment. And a driver who nods off at the wheel has no reactions and no judgment! Drivers who drift off cause about 72,500 injuries and deaths each and every year.
• Don't use a car phone, put on make-up, comb your hair, or eat while driving. Drivers using cellular phones are four times more likely to have an accident than other drivers.
• Steer clear of aggressive drivers. Aggressive drivers may be responsible for more deaths than drunk drivers.
If you must drive after drinking, stay completely sober:
• Don't be fooled. The contents of the typical bottle or can of beer, glass of wine, or liquor drink (mixed drink or straight liquor) each contain virtually identical amounts of pure alcohol. When it comes to alcohol, a drink is a drink is a drink and are all the same to a breathalyzer. 31 For more, visitStandard Drinks.
• Know your limit. If you are not sure, experiment at home with your spouse or some other responsible individual. Explain what you are attempting to learn. Most people find that they can consume one drink per hour without any ill effects. Also, experiment with the Blood Alcohol Educator, which is very informative and useful.
• Accept a drink only when you really want one. If someone tries to force a drink on you, ask for a non-alcohol beverage instead. If that doesn't work, "lose" your drink by setting it down somewhere and leaving it.
• Skip a drink now and then. Having a non-alcoholic drink between alcoholic ones will help keep your blood alcohol content level down, as does spacing out your alcoholic drinks
• Keep active; don't just sit around and drink. If you stay active you tend to drink less and to be more aware of any effects alcohol may be having on you.
• Beware of unfamiliar drinks. Some drinks, such as zombies and other fruit drinks, can be deceiving as the alcohol content is not detectable. Therefore, it is difficult to space them properly.
PROTECT OTHERS
• Volunteer to be a designated driver.
• Never condone or approve of excessive alcohol consumption. Intoxicated behavior is potentially dangerous and never amusing.
• Don't ever let your friends drive drunk. Take their keys, have them stay the night, have them ride home with someone else, call a cab, or do whatever else is necessary - but don't let them drive!
Be a good host:
• Create a setting conducive to easy, comfortable socializing: soft, gentle music; low levels of noise; comfortable seating. This encourages conversation and social interaction rather than heavy drinking.
• Be sure to offer a diversity of attractive non-alcohol drinks. (For numerous non-alcohol drink recipes, see www.drinksmixer.com/cat/8/).
• End your gathering properly. Decide when you want the party to end and stop serving drinks well before that time. Then begin serving coffee along with substantial snacks. This provides essential non-drinking time before your guests leave.
• Protect others and yourself by never driving if you think, or anyone else thinks, that you might have had too much to drink. It's always best to use a designated driver.
We can and must do even better
Remember, don't ever, ever drive if you, or anyone else, thinks that you may have had too much to drink. And don't let anyone else. That includes reporting drivers who may be drunk. It's always safest not to drink and drive.
The Problem:
Dr
ขับรถขับรถขณะใด intoxicated หรือเมาเป็นอันตราย และควบคุมเนื้อหาของแอลกอฮอล์เลือดสูงหรือความเข้มข้น (บัค) เพิ่มมากขึ้นความเสี่ยงของอุบัติเหตุทางรถ ทางหลวงบาดเจ็บ และเสียชีวิตยานพาหนะคิรี ตรวจสอบมาตรการป้องกันที่เป็นไปได้ที่นี่รวมถึงสร้างศาล DWI ระงับ หรือยกเลิกสิทธิ์การใช้งานโปรแกรมควบคุม impounding และรถแผ่น impounding หรือ immobilizing รถ บังคับเปิดภาชนะห้าม เพิ่มบทลงโทษเช่นปรับหรือติดคุกขับรถเมา และทั้งการบังคับศึกษาแอลกอฮอล์ เข็มขัดนิรภัย ถุงลม กำหนดไดรเวอร์ และวิธีปฏิบัติที่มีประสิทธิภาพแก่นี่จะยังเมาสุรา และความบกพร่องทางด้านการขับขี่กฎหมายแคนาดาวัด Codeincludes อาญาแคนาดาห้าม และลงโทษความบกพร่องทางด้านการขับขี่ อาญายังได้กำหนดขั้นตอนเพื่อขอรับหลักฐานที่จำเป็นในการดำเนินคดีการกระทำความผิดเหล่านี้ปัญหาทุกเดียวบาดเจ็บและการตายที่เกิดจากการขับขี่เมาเป็น preventable โดยสิ้นเชิง แม้ว่าสัดส่วนของการเกิดปัญหาที่เกี่ยวข้องกับแอลกอฮอล์ได้ลดลงอย่างมากในทศวรรษที่ผ่านมาล่าสุด ยังมีอุบัติเหตุ preventable ไกลมากเช่นกัน อับ แม้เจริญก้าวหน้า ความบกพร่องทางด้านแอลกอฮอล์ขับยังคง ปัญหาชาติอย่างจริงจังที่ tragically ลักษณะเหยื่อหลายปีง่ายที่จะลืมว่า สถิติแห้งแทนคนจริงและจริงอยู่ ดังนั้น เพจนี้จะทุ่มเทเพื่อความทรงจำของเหยื่อสุ่มเลือกหนึ่งของโปรแกรมควบคุมเมา หนุ่ม Holli มคร็อกTHE FACTSMost drivers who have had something to drink have low blood alcohol content or concentration (BAC) and few are involved in fatal crashes. On the other hand, while only a few drivers have BACs higher than .15, a much higher proportion of those drivers have fatal crashes.• The average BAC among fatally injured drinking drivers is .16 1• The relative risk of death for drivers in single-vehicle crashes with a high BAC is 385 times that of a zero-BAC driver and for male drivers the risk is 707 times that of a sober driver, according to estimates by the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS). 2• High BAC drivers tend to be male, aged 25-35, and have a history of DWI convictions and polydrug abuse. 3THE SOLUTIONDrunk driving, like most other social problems, resists simple solutions. However, there are a number of actions, each of which can contribute toward a reduction of the problem:• DWI courts, sometimes called DUI courts, sobriety courts, wellness courts or accountability courts have proven effective in reducing the crime of drunken driving (driving while intoxicated or while impaired). Such courts address the problem of hard-core repeat offenders by treating alcohol addiction or alcoholism. The recidivism or failure rate of DWI courts is very low. • Automatic license revocation appears to be the single most effective measure to reduce drunk driving. • Automatic license revocation along with a mandatory jail sentence appears to be even more effective than just automatic license revocation. • Impounding or confiscating license plates.• Mandating the installation of interlock devices that prevent intoxicated persons from starting a vehicle. • Vehicle impoundment or immobilization. • Expanding alcohol server training programs. • Implementing social norms programs that correct the misperception that most people sometimes drive under the influence of alcohol. • Passing mandatory alcohol and drug testing in fatal crashes would promote successful prosecution of drunk and drugged drivers. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration has estimated that 18-20% of injured drivers are using drugs and although drinking is on the decline, drugging is on the increase. However, this figure appears to be much too low. For example:o A study of drivers admitted to a Maryland trauma center found that 34% tested positive for drugs only, while 16% tested positive for alcohol only. o In a large study of almost 3,400 fatally injured drivers from three Australian states, drugs other than alcohol were present in 26.7% of the cases. Fewer than 10% of the cases involved both alcohol and drugs. o NIDA’s Monitoring the Future survey indicated that in 2004, 12.7% of high school seniors in the U.S. reported driving under the influence of marijuana and 13..2% reported driving under the influence of alcohol in the two weeks prior to the survey. o In the State of Maryland’s Adolescent Survey, 26.8% of the state’s licensed, 12th grade drivers reported driving under the influence of marijuana during the year before the survey. MADD Canada is to be commended for recognizing this serious but generally unrecognized problem and including the reduction of drugged driving as a major goal. Of course, fighting drugged driving must not detract us from working to reduce drunken driving.Promising but inadequately evaluated measures include:• Marking the license plate to indicate ownership in the family of someone whose driver's license is suspended or revoked for alcohol offenses. • Restricting nighttime driving by young people. This appears to be effective in those states with such restrictions. • Involving drivers in identifying and reporting possibly drunken drivers to law enforcement authorities by dialing 911 on their cell phones. See Help Police Stop Drunken DriversAll of these very promising measures should be rigorously evaluated scientifically to determine their potential contribution to improving safety.PROTECT YOURSELFWhile society has done much to improve highway safety, you can do much to protect yourself.Don't drink and drive and don't ride with anyone who has too much to drink. Remember, it is usually themselves and their passengers who are harmed by drunk drivers. The risk of collision for high BAC drivers is dramatically higher than for a non-drinking driver.• Volunteer to be a designated driver.• Always use a safety seat belt.• Use four-lane highways whenever possible.• Avoid rural roads.Avoid travel after midnight (especially on Fridays and Saturdays).• Drive defensively.• Choose vehicles with airbags.• Refer to safety ratings before selecting your next vehicle. See "Buying a Safer Car" (nhtsa.dot.gov/cars/testing/NCAP). "Buying A Safer Car" includes safety ratings of cars, vans, and sport utility vehicles by year, make, and model.• Never use illegal drugs. Illicit drugs are involved in a large proportion of traffic fatalities.• Never drive when fatigued. The dangers posed when fatigued are similar to those when intoxicated. A drunk or fatigued driver has slowed reactions and impaired judgment. And a driver who nods off at the wheel has no reactions and no judgment! Drivers who drift off cause about 72,500 injuries and deaths each and every year. • Don't use a car phone, put on make-up, comb your hair, or eat while driving. Drivers using cellular phones are four times more likely to have an accident than other drivers.• Steer clear of aggressive drivers. Aggressive drivers may be responsible for more deaths than drunk drivers.If you must drive after drinking, stay completely sober:• Don't be fooled. The contents of the typical bottle or can of beer, glass of wine, or liquor drink (mixed drink or straight liquor) each contain virtually identical amounts of pure alcohol. When it comes to alcohol, a drink is a drink is a drink and are all the same to a breathalyzer. 31 For more, visitStandard Drinks.• Know your limit. If you are not sure, experiment at home with your spouse or some other responsible individual. Explain what you are attempting to learn. Most people find that they can consume one drink per hour without any ill effects. Also, experiment with the Blood Alcohol Educator, which is very informative and useful.
• Accept a drink only when you really want one. If someone tries to force a drink on you, ask for a non-alcohol beverage instead. If that doesn't work, "lose" your drink by setting it down somewhere and leaving it.
• Skip a drink now and then. Having a non-alcoholic drink between alcoholic ones will help keep your blood alcohol content level down, as does spacing out your alcoholic drinks
• Keep active; don't just sit around and drink. If you stay active you tend to drink less and to be more aware of any effects alcohol may be having on you.
• Beware of unfamiliar drinks. Some drinks, such as zombies and other fruit drinks, can be deceiving as the alcohol content is not detectable. Therefore, it is difficult to space them properly.
PROTECT OTHERS
• Volunteer to be a designated driver.
• Never condone or approve of excessive alcohol consumption. Intoxicated behavior is potentially dangerous and never amusing.
• Don't ever let your friends drive drunk. Take their keys, have them stay the night, have them ride home with someone else, call a cab, or do whatever else is necessary - but don't let them drive!
Be a good host:
• Create a setting conducive to easy, comfortable socializing: soft, gentle music; low levels of noise; comfortable seating. This encourages conversation and social interaction rather than heavy drinking.
• Be sure to offer a diversity of attractive non-alcohol drinks. (For numerous non-alcohol drink recipes, see www.drinksmixer.com/cat/8/).
• End your gathering properly. Decide when you want the party to end and stop serving drinks well before that time. Then begin serving coffee along with substantial snacks. This provides essential non-drinking time before your guests leave.
• Protect others and yourself by never driving if you think, or anyone else thinks, that you might have had too much to drink. It's always best to use a designated driver.
We can and must do even better
Remember, don't ever, ever drive if you, or anyone else, thinks that you may have had too much to drink. And don't let anyone else. That includes reporting drivers who may be drunk. It's always safest not to drink and drive.
The Problem:
Dr
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