Waste Management’s Major Fixed Assets
The major fixed assets of Waste Management’s North American (WMNA) business consisted of garbage trucks, containers, and equipment, which amounted to approximately $6 billion in assets. The second largest asset of the company (after vehicles, containers, and equipment) was land, in the form of the more than 100 fully operational landfills that the company both owned and operated. Under Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP), depreciation expense is determined by allocating the historical cost of tangible capital assets (less the salvage value) over the estimated useful life of the assets.
Unsupported Changes to the Estimated Useful Lives of Assets
From 1988, through 1996, management allegedly made numerous unsupported changes to the estimated useful lives and/or salvage ‘values of one or more categories of vehicles, containers, and equipment. Such changes reduced the amount of depreciation expense recorded in a particular period. In addition, such changes were recorded as top-side adjustments at the corporate level (detached from the operating unit level) Most often the entries were made during the fourth quarter, and then improperly applied cumulatively from the beginning of the year. Management did not appear to disclose the changes or their impact on profitability to the investors.
In a letter to the management team dated May29,1992, Arthur Andersen’s team wrote, each of the past five years the Company added a new consolidating entry in the fourth quarter to increase salvage value and/or useful life of its trucks, machinery, equipment, or containers. Andersen recommended that the company conduct a comprehensive, one-time study to evaluate the proper level of WMNA’s salvage value and useful lives, and then send these adjustments to the respective WMNA groups. However, top management allegedly continued the practice of making unsupported changes to WMNA’s salvage value and useful lives at headquarters as a way to reduce depreciation expense and increase net income.
Carrying Impaired Land at Cost
Because of the nature of landfills, GAAP also requires that a company compare a landfill’s cost to its anticipated salvage value, with the difference depreciated over the estimated useful life of the landfill. Waste Management disclosed in the footnotes to the financial statements in its annual reports that “(d)isposal sites are carried at cost and to the extent this exceeds end use realizable value, such excess is amortized over the estimated life of the disposal site.” However, in reality, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) found evidence that Waste Management allegedly did not depreciate the assets and carried almost all of its landfills on the balance sheet at full historical cost.
In response to this treatment of landfills on the balance sheet, after its 1988 audit, Andersen issued a management letter to the board of directors recommending that the company conduct a site by “site analysis of its landfills to compare recorded land values with its anticipated net