Although this broad outline of a changing age structure appears to be common to all Asian economies, there is enormous diversity and uncertainty about the path any one of them should take to address it. East Asian and a few Southeast Asian economies are relatively far along in their demographic transitions. Life expectancy has already reached high levels and continues to rise steadily. Fertility has dropped to very low levels in East Asia and is in fact much lower than in the US and in many European countries. Recently, fertility has increased in the lowest fertility countries of Europe, but this has not happened in low-fertility Asia (Goldstein et al., 2009).