In early May 1593 several bills were posted about London threatening Protestant refugees from France and the Netherlands who had settled in the city. One of these, the "Dutch church libel",[27] written in rhymed iambic pentameter, contained allusions to several of Marlowe's plays and was signed, "Tamburlaine". On May 11 the Privy Council ordered the arrest of those responsible for the libels. The next day, Marlowe's colleague Thomas Kyd was arrested. Kyd's lodgings were searched and a fragment of a heretical tract was found. Kyd asserted that it had belonged to Marlowe, with whom he had been writing "in one chamber" some two years earlier.[28] At that time they had both been working for an aristocratic patron, probably Ferdinando Stanley, Lord Strange.[29] A warrant for Marlowe's arrest was issued on May 18, when the Privy Council apparently knew that he might be found staying with Thomas Walsingham, whose father was a first cousin of the late Sir Francis Walsingham, Elizabeth's principal secretary in the 1580s and a man more deeply involved in state espionage than any other member of the Privy Council.[30] Marlowe duly presented himself on 20 May but, there apparently being no Privy Council meeting on that day, was instructed to "give his daily attendance on their Lordships, until he shall be licensed to the contrary".[31] On Wednesday May 30, Marlowe was killed.
Various accounts of Marlowe's death were current over the next few years. In his Palladis Tamia, published in 1598, Francis Meres says Marlowe was "stabbed to death by a bawdy serving-man, a rival of his in his lewd love" as punishment for his "epicurism and atheism."[32] In 1917, in the Dictionary of National Biography, Sir Sidney Lee wrote that Marlowe was killed in a drunken fight, and this is still often stated as fact today.
The official account came to light only in 1925 when the scholar Leslie Hotson discovered the coroner's report of the inquest on Marlowe's death, held two days later on Friday June 1, 1593, by the Coroner of the Queen's Household, William Danby.[33] Marlowe had spent all day in a house in Deptford, owned by the widow Eleanor Bull, and together with three men: Ingram Frizer, Nicholas Skeres and Robert Poley. All three had been employed by one or other of the Walsinghams. Skeres and Poley had helped snare the conspirators in the Babington plot and Frizer would later describe Thomas Walsingham as his "master" at that time[34] although his role was probably more that of a financial or business agent as he was for Walsingham's wife Audrey a few years later.[35] These witnesses testified that Frizer and Marlowe had argued over payment of the bill (now famously known as the 'Reckoning') exchanging "divers malicious words" while Frizer was sitting at a table between the other two and Marlowe was lying behind him on a couch. Marlowe snatched Frizer's dagger and wounded him on the head. In the ensuing struggle, according to the coroner's report, Marlowe was stabbed above the right eye, killing him instantly. The jury concluded that Frizer acted in self-defence, and within a month he was pardoned. Marlowe was buried in an unmarked grave in the churchyard of St. Nicholas, Deptford immediately after the inquest, on June 1, 1593.
The complete text of the inquest report was published by Leslie Hotson in his book, The Death of Christopher Marlowe, in the introduction to which Prof. G. L. Kittredge said "The mystery of Marlowe's death, heretofore involved in a cloud of contradictory gossip and irresponsible guess-work, is now cleared up for good and all on the authority of public records of complete authenticity and gratifying fullness", but this confidence proved fairly short-lived.
Hotson himself had considered the possibility that the witnesses had "concocted a lying account of Marlowe's behaviour, to which they swore at the inquest, and with which they deceived the jury" but came down against that scenario.[36] Others, however, began to suspect that this was indeed the case. Writing to the Times Literary Supplement shortly after the book's publication, Eugénie de Kalb disputed that the struggle and outcome as described were even possible,[37] and Samuel A. Tannenbaum (a graduate of the Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons) insisted the following year that such a wound could not have possibly resulted in instant death, as had been claimed.[38] Even Marlowe's biographer John Bakeless acknowledged that "some scholars have been inclined to question the truthfulness of the coroner's report. There is something queer about the whole episode" and said that Hotson's discovery "raises almost as many questions as it answers."[39] It has also been discovered more recently that the apparent absence of a local county coroner to accompany the Coroner of the Queen's Household would, if noticed, have made the inquest null and void.[40]
One of the main reasons for doubting the truth of the inquest concerns the reliability of Marl
ในช่วงต้น 1593 พฤษภาคม ตั๋วหลายที่โพสต์เกี่ยวกับลอนดอนคุกคามผู้ลี้ภัยชาวโปรเตสแตนต์จากฝรั่งเศสและเนเธอร์แลนด์ที่ถือได้ว่าในเมือง หนึ่งของเหล่านี้ "ดัตช์โบสถ์หมิ่น" [27] เขียนใน rhymed iambic pentameter อยู่ช่วยเหลือหลายของบทละครของมาร์โลว์ และถูกลง "Tamburlaine" บน 11 พฤษภาคม องคมนตรีสั่งจับกุมผู้รับผิดชอบสำหรับการ libels ในวันถัดไป จับกุมเพื่อนร่วมงานของมาร์โลว์ Thomas Kyd พักของ Kyd ค้น และพบส่วนของทางเดิน heretical Kyd ยืนยันว่า มันมีเป็นมาร์โลว์ ที่ซึ่งเขาได้เขียน "ในหนึ่งห้อง" บางสองปีก่อนหน้านี้ [28] ในขณะที่ พวกเขาจะทั้งทำงานสำหรับการชนผู้มีพระคุณ คงสแตนเลย์เฟอร์ดินานโด พระแปลก [29 มีออกสิทธิ]สำหรับการจับกุมของมาร์โลว์ใน 18 may เมื่อองคมนตรีชัดรู้ว่า เขาอาจพบอยู่กับ Thomas Walsingham พ่อถูกญาติก่อนปลาย Sir Francis Walsingham เลขานุการหลักของเอลิซาเบธใน 1580s ที่และคนเกี่ยวข้องมากขึ้นในสถานะจารกว่าสมาชิกอื่น ๆ ขององคมนตรี [30] มาร์โลว์ต้องเสนอตัวเองใน 20 พฤษภาคม แต่ มีเห็นได้ชัดว่าการประชุมไม่มีองคมนตรีในวัน ถูกคำสั่ง "ให้เข้าร่วมประชุมประจำวันของเขาใน Lordships ของพวกเขา จนกว่าเขาจะได้รับอนุญาตต้องขัด" [31] ในพุธ 30 พฤษภาคม มาร์โลว์ถูกฆ่าตายบัญชีต่าง ๆ ของมาร์โลว์ตายได้ปัจจุบันถัดไปไม่กี่ปีที่ผ่านมา ใน Palladis Tamia ของเขา ใน 1598, Francis Meres กล่าวว่า มาร์โลว์ถูก "แทงตาย โดย bawdy เสิร์ฟชาย คู่แข่งของเขาในรักครีม" เป็นโทษของเขา "epicurism และอเทวนิยม" [32] ใน 1917 ในพจนานุกรมของชาติประวัติ Lee อ่านรักเขียนว่า มาร์โลว์ถูกฆ่าตายในการต่อสู้เมา และนี้ยังมักจะระบุเป็นความจริงวันนี้The official account came to light only in 1925 when the scholar Leslie Hotson discovered the coroner's report of the inquest on Marlowe's death, held two days later on Friday June 1, 1593, by the Coroner of the Queen's Household, William Danby.[33] Marlowe had spent all day in a house in Deptford, owned by the widow Eleanor Bull, and together with three men: Ingram Frizer, Nicholas Skeres and Robert Poley. All three had been employed by one or other of the Walsinghams. Skeres and Poley had helped snare the conspirators in the Babington plot and Frizer would later describe Thomas Walsingham as his "master" at that time[34] although his role was probably more that of a financial or business agent as he was for Walsingham's wife Audrey a few years later.[35] These witnesses testified that Frizer and Marlowe had argued over payment of the bill (now famously known as the 'Reckoning') exchanging "divers malicious words" while Frizer was sitting at a table between the other two and Marlowe was lying behind him on a couch. Marlowe snatched Frizer's dagger and wounded him on the head. In the ensuing struggle, according to the coroner's report, Marlowe was stabbed above the right eye, killing him instantly. The jury concluded that Frizer acted in self-defence, and within a month he was pardoned. Marlowe was buried in an unmarked grave in the churchyard of St. Nicholas, Deptford immediately after the inquest, on June 1, 1593.เผยแพร่ข้อความสมบูรณ์ของรายงาน inquest โดยเลสลี่ Hotson ในหนังสือของเขา การตายของคริสโตเฟอร์มาร์โลว์ ในการแนะนำที่ศาสตราจารย์ G. L. Kittredge กล่าวว่า "ความลึกลับของชีวิตของมาร์โลว์ heretofore ที่เกี่ยวข้องในการขัดแย้งการนินทาและความรับผิดชอบมาเดา ตอนนี้ ช่าง และล้าง ขึ้นดี และทั้งหมด ในหน่วยงานของระเบียนสาธารณะของแท้สมบูรณ์บริบูรณ์" แต่ความเชื่อมั่นนี้พิสูจน์ค่อนข้างสั้นHotson himself had considered the possibility that the witnesses had "concocted a lying account of Marlowe's behaviour, to which they swore at the inquest, and with which they deceived the jury" but came down against that scenario.[36] Others, however, began to suspect that this was indeed the case. Writing to the Times Literary Supplement shortly after the book's publication, Eugénie de Kalb disputed that the struggle and outcome as described were even possible,[37] and Samuel A. Tannenbaum (a graduate of the Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons) insisted the following year that such a wound could not have possibly resulted in instant death, as had been claimed.[38] Even Marlowe's biographer John Bakeless acknowledged that "some scholars have been inclined to question the truthfulness of the coroner's report. There is something queer about the whole episode" and said that Hotson's discovery "raises almost as many questions as it answers."[39] It has also been discovered more recently that the apparent absence of a local county coroner to accompany the Coroner of the Queen's Household would, if noticed, have made the inquest null and void.[40]One of the main reasons for doubting the truth of the inquest concerns the reliability of Marl
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