do you feel to your mother/father/caregiver/
etc.?’’ (2) ‘‘How much do you think he/she
cares about you?’’ The items were scored on
a 5-point Likert scale (‘‘Not at all’’ to ‘‘A lot’’).
We combined and averaged the items, with
the measure of closeness ranging from ‘‘not at
all close’’ to ‘‘very close.’’ If the adolescent
lived with 2 parents, we averaged support
across both. If the adolescent lived in a singleparent household or other household
arrangement, only the resident parent was
included.