Obesity is considered one of the most prominent diseases
[1] of modern times. The therapeutic value of physical exercise
and cardiorespiratory fitness is well recognized; this positive
value is expressed in an underlying etiology for many obesityrelated
diseases among overweight and obese individuals [2].
Though the positive effects of physical exercise are countless,
some negative physiological changes occur in long-lasting
heavy training. Multiple components of athletes’ immune systems
exhibit transient dysfunction after prolonged heavy
exertion. Elite athletes can benefit from nutritional and supplementation
support in order to bolster immunity and reduce
acute and chronic inflammation during periods of psycophysiological stress, such as heavy training and highlevel
competitions [3]. Macronutrient manipulation and modulation,
with or without supplements, have been studied as interventions
to reduce exercise-induced immune changes and
inflammatory risk. It has not yet been fully clarified whether
using supplements to support athletes may block transient oxidative
stress and inflammation following heavy exertion, interfering
with important signaling mechanisms for training
adaptations [4]. However, other studies have shown that efficacious
nutritional supplements, in moderate dosages, only partially
reduce exercise-induced immune function, inflammation,
and oxidative stress, without altering the beneficial adaptations
Obesity is considered one of the most prominent diseases[1] of modern times. The therapeutic value of physical exerciseand cardiorespiratory fitness is well recognized; this positivevalue is expressed in an underlying etiology for many obesityrelateddiseases among overweight and obese individuals [2].Though the positive effects of physical exercise are countless,some negative physiological changes occur in long-lastingheavy training. Multiple components of athletes’ immune systemsexhibit transient dysfunction after prolonged heavyexertion. Elite athletes can benefit from nutritional and supplementationsupport in order to bolster immunity and reduceacute and chronic inflammation during periods of psycophysiological stress, such as heavy training and highlevelcompetitions [3]. Macronutrient manipulation and modulation,with or without supplements, have been studied as interventionsto reduce exercise-induced immune changes andinflammatory risk. It has not yet been fully clarified whetherusing supplements to support athletes may block transient oxidativestress and inflammation following heavy exertion, interferingwith important signaling mechanisms for trainingadaptations [4]. However, other studies have shown that efficaciousnutritional supplements, in moderate dosages, only partiallyreduce exercise-induced immune function, inflammation,and oxidative stress, without altering the beneficial adaptations
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