injection duration. Injector flow rate m_ inj;r was determined using
Eq. (1) as below.
m_ inj;r ¼ 0:14663nP0:3138
ai ½tt td105 ð1Þ
In Eq. (1), tt and td define the theoretical injection duration
and injector delay time respectively. Pai and n define the effective
injection pressure and engine speed respectively.