Managed floating exchange rates attempt to combine market-determined exchange rates with foreign-exchange market intervention in order to take advantage of the best features of floating exchange rates and fixed exchange rates. Under a managed float, market intervention is used to stabilize exchange rates in the short term; in the long term, a managed float allows market forces to determine exchange rates. Figure 15.4 illustrates the theory of a managed float in a two-country framework, Switzerland and the United States. The supply and demand schedules for francs are denoted by S0 and D0; the equilibrium exchange rate, at which the quantity of francs supplied equals the quantity demanded, is $0.50 per franc. Suppose there occurs a permanent increase in U.S. real income, as a result of which U.S. residents demand additional francs to purchase more Swiss chocolate. Let the demand for francs rise from D0 to D1, as shown in Figure 15.4(a). Because