Fig. 1. (a) PCA biplot of TSBF macrofauna orders, total abundance, and diversity
variables (S, specific richness; H, Shannon index). (b) Plot based on PCA analysis representing separation of points (P = 0.001 by permutation test) according to the land
use systems (SF, secondary forest; SP, silvopastoral system; QSMAS, Quesungual
slash-and-mulch agroforestry system; TS, traditional cropping system).