The IPS owns high image quality, not only the contrast ratio larger than 10:1 in a 1700 viewing cone, but also the color and gamma shift are very small over all viewing angles. However IPS has drawbacks. Because of the lateral electrodes, the viewable area is smaller than conventional LCD, hence the aperture ratio is smaller. Moreover, the peak contrast ratio (normal incidence) is not very high because in practical application, light leakage is present around the spacers and the formation of the electrodes. The early product had a slow response, which was over 50ms.