To increase reliability of results taken from open ended items and to gain more
explanations about students’ responses and to avoid misinterpreting students’ responses, a semistructured
interview was used (Lederman, 1992). At the beginning and conclusion of the
semester, five students were randomly selected for interview. During the interview, students
were provided with their questionnaires and were asked to clarify their responses to certain
questions. When a concept, which might be interpreted differently, was found in students’
responses, then they were asked to explain and justify their responses. Each interview took
approximately 20 minutes and the questions for the interview were semi-structured. Generally
the following questions were asked during interviews:
1. Could you give more examples for your response?
2. What do you mean by ‘prove’ or ‘reality’?
3. Is there any difference between scientific theories and laws?
4. Can all scientific knowledge change, even laws?
5. Is there any difference between ‘gold mining’ (Aikenhead, Ryan, & Fleming. 1989) and
producing scientific knowledge?
To increase reliability of results taken from open ended items and to gain more
explanations about students’ responses and to avoid misinterpreting students’ responses, a semistructured
interview was used (Lederman, 1992). At the beginning and conclusion of the
semester, five students were randomly selected for interview. During the interview, students
were provided with their questionnaires and were asked to clarify their responses to certain
questions. When a concept, which might be interpreted differently, was found in students’
responses, then they were asked to explain and justify their responses. Each interview took
approximately 20 minutes and the questions for the interview were semi-structured. Generally
the following questions were asked during interviews:
1. Could you give more examples for your response?
2. What do you mean by ‘prove’ or ‘reality’?
3. Is there any difference between scientific theories and laws?
4. Can all scientific knowledge change, even laws?
5. Is there any difference between ‘gold mining’ (Aikenhead, Ryan, & Fleming. 1989) and
producing scientific knowledge?
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