In Scandinavia, a period of festivities known as Yule contributed
another impetus to celebration, as opposed to spirituality. As Winter
ended the growing season, the opportunity of enjoying the Summer's
bounty encouraged much feasting and merriment.
The Celtic culture of the British Isles revered all green plants, but
particularly mistletoe and holly. These were important symbols of
fertility and were used for decorating their homes and altars.
New Christmas customs appeared in the Middle Ages. The most prominent
contribution was the carol, which by the 14th century had become
associated with the religious observance of the birth of Christ.
In Italy, a tradition developed for re-enacting the birth of Christ
and the construction of scenes of the nativity. This is said to have
been introduced by Saint Francis as part of his efforts to bring
spiritual knowledge to the laity.
Saints Days have also contributed to our Christmas celebrations. A
prominent figure in today's Christmas is Saint Nicholas who for
centuries has been honored on December 6th. He was one of the
forerunners of Santa Claus.
Another popular ritual was the burning of the Yule Log, which is
strongly embedded in the pagan worship of vegetation and fire, as well
as being associated with magical and spiritual powers.