Motor-vehicle crashes and other injury outcomes. Two
studies by one author,20,30 using the same methods and
database in California, found mixed results when evaluating
the association between on- and off-premises
outlet density and fatal and nonfatal motor-vehicle
crashes in small California cities (i.e., with total populations
50,000) during two different time periods and
among different populations. The first study assessed
the association between outlet density and crashes from
1981 through 1989 across all age groups. The author
found a negative association between off-premises outlet
density and both fatal and nonfatal crashes, and a
positive association between on-premises outlets and
both fatal and nonfatal crashes.20 The second study
assessed the association between outlet density and
fatal and nonfatal crashes from 1981 through 1998
among people aged 60 years. This study reported a
negative association for nonfatal crashes (elasticity:
0.69, p0.05) and a positive association for fatal
crashes (elasticity: 1.18, p0.05).