measured at higher current levels. But, for practical purposes, we will assume that va is approximately zero. Also, note that to ensure hard saturation, Bmin is generally used in switching applications. That is, with increased B, the transistor will be driven further into saturation. Now, assuming that Ra 100 kn, let us find out if the transistor 3-32 will be into saturation when the input goes high. Apparently, when the input goes high driven (Vin 5 V), as shown in the base is will be as follows: dropping approximately 0 V at the junction. Thus, the base current
However, is this collector current high enough to cause saturation? To find that out, we can determine laea), as follows: