the back and bottom faces are typically drilled by either breasting up or down with flat holes. Breasting has its disadvantages: 60% of the rock broken during a back pass must be held in inventory until the faces have advanced sufficiently to move the ramp ahead, and bottom passes must be hand scaled because the low roof. However, even with these disadvantages, this form of secondary extraction is the most efficient and cheapest way to mine ore in the Viburnum Trend. Blasting is essentially the same as for primary extraction except that one big factor-water-must be considered. Primary extraction tends to draw down the water table immediately above and below the main pass. ANFO, which is approximately one-sixth the cost of dynamite per pound, is almost exclusively used in these back and bottom rounds. Powder factors typically average 0.45 kg/tonne (0.90 lb/ton), and average pull is 95%. ANFO can be used at a higher percentages, and 75% or higher ANFO usage is common, especially during overcut mining.