Muckrakers of the early 1900s exposed institutions of “excessive selfinterest and attendant corruption by powerful interests and their hired publicists” in American newspapers (Sproule, 1989, p. 233). About the same time, Antonio Gramsci (1985) envisioned an Italian communal press, fully operated and produced by the people, to “function as articulations of the interests of a mass democratic movement and serve the widest possible readership,” and that would be fully integrated into the state’s educational system (p. 387). For over thirty years, alternative media in the U.S. has supplied accessible television for the general public (Halleck, 2002b).