Our results demonstrate that the RGNNV VLPs alone
can induce protective immune responses in the convict
grouper E. septemfasciatus despite the lack of adjuvants
use. Therefore, there seems a good prospect that the
efficacy of the vaccine will be enhanced when adjuvant or
antigen carrier is added. We believe that further study of
vaccine formulation will make it possible to achieve an
ideal fish vaccine that is easy to apply, and of low cost and
high efficacy.