Campylobacter was found in the majority of retail chicken liver samples at varying levels of contamination. Of concern are chicken meat samples containing > 3.0 log CFU/g, which pose a disproportionally high risk to consumer health (Food Standards Agency, 2015). However, we recorded Campylobacter counts > 3.0 log CFU/g for 2.8% of the surface and 4.6% of the internal tissue samples from retail chicken livers. A compilation of findings presented here with those available in the literature, are presented in Table 4, which demonstrates that Campylobacter contamination of livestock liver is prevalent with surveys recording that 66–100% of the samples tested were positive. In the majority of cases the livers showed a low level contamination, for example, Cornelius et al. (2005) and Whyte et al. (2006) found that 83–88% of internal tissues of livers harboured < 102 MPN (most probable number) per g, while the remaining samples contained 102–103 MPN/g. A clear dose–response relationship between consumption of chicken liver paté and the risk of infection with Campylobacter has been demonstrated ( Edwards et al., 2014). A low level of contamination does not eliminate the risk of Campylobacter infection since the infective dose can be as low as 500 cells ( Robinson, 1981).