maintenance, estimated blood loss, urine output replacement,
and third-space losses. The goal of such volume
administration is avoiding hypovolemia, thus preventing
end-organ damage. Recent studies, however, have called
into question the appropriateness of large-volume fl uid
administration and have begun to reveal consequences
associated with traditional practice. Such revelations have
led to advances in technology allowing anesthesia providers
to measure intraoperative volume status in real time
as opposed to more traditional static methods (ie, urine
output). Comparison of volume administration techniques
allows for a critical analysis of historical practice
as well as the potential benefi ts of emerging technology to
aid in perioperative goal-directed therapy.