Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) has been defined as a condition that includes
three categories of conditions caused by prenatal alcohol exposure: fetal alcohol syndrome
(FAS), alcohol-related birth defects, and alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorders
(Institute of Medicine, 1996). In a comparative analysis of 81 children with an average age
of 12, Astley et al. (2009) found distinct clinical subgroups within the FASD continuum.
Some groups shared a similar magnitude of neuropsychological impairment. However, “no
two children necessarily shared the same pattern of impairment” (p. 197). Unlike children
with conditions affecting clearer behavioral patterns, children with disorders stemming
from exposure to alcohol in utero may not be easily identified, and their difficulties may
not be attributed to alcohol exposure. Recent estimates indicate that FASD incidence may
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) has been defined as a condition that includes
three categories of conditions caused by prenatal alcohol exposure: fetal alcohol syndrome
(FAS), alcohol-related birth defects, and alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorders
(Institute of Medicine, 1996). In a comparative analysis of 81 children with an average age
of 12, Astley et al. (2009) found distinct clinical subgroups within the FASD continuum.
Some groups shared a similar magnitude of neuropsychological impairment. However, “no
two children necessarily shared the same pattern of impairment” (p. 197). Unlike children
with conditions affecting clearer behavioral patterns, children with disorders stemming
from exposure to alcohol in utero may not be easily identified, and their difficulties may
not be attributed to alcohol exposure. Recent estimates indicate that FASD incidence may
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