Regulatory FrameworkOf the countries visited, China has developed the most comprehensive set of policies governing MSWM. Othercountries have sought to improve disposal practices by launching programs of a managerial and technical nature.And others have adopted international standards to address different aspects of solid waste disposal.The national entity responsible for solid waste disposal in China is the Ministry of Construction, Department of Urban Construction. The agency has developed guidelines and requirements for management of solid wasteDisposal, including landfills (regarded as the primary disposal option), composting, and incineration. In its guidelines, China addresses siting criteria (such as minimum distance to drinking water sources, limitations on geological formations and requirements for hydrogeological surveys), liner criteria (such as clay liner thickness of2-2.5 m and k<10-7 m/sec permeability), and a series of guidelines on disposal techniques and management procedures. The licensing procedure involves a required EIA process and approval from the local Environmental Protection Bureau, advised by a competent technical institute (a so-called Class A institute). The EIA process involves public consultation and a possible compensation package that includes direct economic benefits to the affected parties. If the project exceeds US$24 million, the Chinese government must review and approve the project. National action plans were initiated in other Asian countries to address problems related to waste disposal. With support from the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), the government of Malaysia developed a national plan for action in 1998 that identified a total of 13 program areas.4.5Important Features of Visited Landfills4.5.1Leachate ManagementAt the sanitary landfills visited, impermeable liners were in use, usually constructed of clay, and sometimes with welded PE sheets. At the Permetang Pauh landfill in Malaysia, the clay deposits were used to reduce the release of leachate as the landfill had only introduced leachate collection after waste disposal had begun (see Box 3). InChina, the Laogang (Shanghai) landfill had a base 17 m deep that achieved a permeability coefficient of 10-9m/sec. The Asuwei landfill in Beijing had improved the natural clay deposits with a bentonite liner. Artificial liners of polyethylene were applied at landfills in the Philippines, where the San Mateo and the Carmona landfills were equipped with a 2.5 mm high-density PE liner. The new sections of the Bantar Gebang landfill, Indonesia, also included a polyethylene liner. Partly situated on land that has been reclaimed by the Hong Kong government from the sea, the WENT landfill in Hong Kong was constructed with a multi-barrier liner and a leak-detection system, preventing possible leachateflows into the sea. For the first five years of landfill operation, the private operator will not be responsible for treating leachate before it is discharged into the municipal mechanical sewerage treatment system. The municipal system, however, provides ineffective treatment of leachate. All the other landfills visited in the region had leachate collection and some form of leachate treatment. Aerated lagoons were the dominant leachate treatment method applied in the region
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