1. Xanthine diuretics act by increasing cardiac output and promoting a higher glomerular filtration rate.• They are seldom used as diuretics, but diuresis occurs under other clinical applications (e.g., for bronchodilatation).2. Acidifying salts (e.g., ammonium chloride) lower pH and increase luminal concentrations of Cl– and Na+.• They are sometimes used in combination with high-ceiling diuretics to counteract alkalosis.