In collaborations between law enforcement agencies and private citizens or community
organizations, community agendas are often sidelined because of the clear power
imbalances. Crawford (1995, p. 114) argues that community representatives do not
have the cultural capital (Bourdieu, 1977) to compete with their formal partners: "The
resources, both human and material, available to the different agencies, their appeals to
'expertise' and their grasp of the technicist language in which much debate is couched
leaves the community representatives in a relatively powerless position." As such, various
interests are excluded even in ostensibly democratic participation efforts. This may occur
because of informal and biased leadership/ advisory position selection processes that systematically exclude problematic individuals, groups, or perspectives. The result is not
simply a violation of democratic values, but a failure to meet the needs of disadvantaged
and marginalized groups. Crime displacement, particularly within the context of public
policies and social processes that concentrate poverty in urban, minority areas, may occur
from organized to disorganized areas.