In Figure 2 the photograph
has been significantly
manipulated. The
user has made the image
black and white, increased
its contrast level,
and made it brighter.
These manipulations,
however, are not listed in
the instagrams metadata
because they were made
outside the official Instagram
application. Instead,
the user has chosen
to use a third-party application
to manipulate the
photograph and publish it
as an instagram. For instagrammers
where the
aesthetic qualities of the instagram are most important, these
third-party applications are more common.