46 (b) colleague support—teachers who helped struggling colleagues reported greater satisfaction, likewise, struggling teachers reported greater satisfaction when they received suppofi from another teacher; (c) parental involvement—7O% of respondents indicated dissatisfaction with a lack of parental support; and (d) student behavior problems—86% of respondents indicated struggling to get at least two students on task with their schoolwork. Chang (2009) reviewed the literature pertaining to emotional factors and teacher burnout. As she described, historically, the literature focused on demographic and situational/school factors. Chang examined teacher bumout from the perspective of inter- and intrapersonal factors, grounded in the theoretical framework proposed by Maslach et al. (2001). Chang emphasized “transactional factors” (p. l98) which are grounded in the model developed by Lazams and Folkman (as cited in Chang, 2009), which includes the following elements: (a) perceived principal/peer support, (b) self-concept, (c) intemal rewards/professional satisfaction, and (d) student-teacher interactions. When these transactional factors are not present, teacher job dissatisfaction and subsequent burnout are more likely. Teachers have the oppoflunity to establish close and intimate relationships in their relationships with students and colleagues, which can lead to positive emotional responses, such as pride, hope, passion, excitement, and joy; however, these intense interactions may also result in feelings of worry, frustration, guilt, anxiety, and disappointment (Chang, 2009). Teacher burnout can ensue when teachers do not experience emotional connections to their students and colleagues (Hargreaves, 2000). In interviews of 53
47 teachers in 15 different schools, Hargreaves posited that teachers experience negative feelings when they lack connections with their students. Later, Hargreaves (2002) found that when teachers felt a lack of support from administrators or colleagues, they experienced great dissatisfaction. Like Chang (2009), who posited that teaching is an emotional practice and that teachers are highly invested in the emotional satisfaction resulting from their work, Hargreaves (2000) posited that if a teacher is not experiencing emotional satisfaction, he or she will likely experience low job satisfaction. Teacher participation in decision-making. Providing opportunities for teachers to participate in leadership decision-making has been shown to increase commitment and job satisfaction. Participatory decision-making processes are multifaceted; thus, there are many ways that employees can take part in making important decisions that can largely impact the school (Black & Gregersen, 1997; Klecker & Loadman, 1996; Rice & Schneider, 1994; Somech, 2002). Klecker and Loadman (1996) examined the relationship between the degree to which teachers felt empowered and experienced job satisfaction. Their hypothesis was that opportunities for teacher empowerment would increase job satisfaction. Participants included l0,544 teachers across 307 schools in Ohio that were funded by the state to implement restructuring. Six dimensions of empowerment were measured: (a) teacher participation in decision-making, (b) teacher perceptions of their status, (c) teacher professional growth opportunities, (d) perceptions of autonomy, (e) teacher-perceived self-efficacy, and (1) teacher perceptions of their impact on students. These dimensions came from the School Participant Empowerment Scale created by Short and Rinehart (as
48 cited in Klecker & Loadman, 1996), which measures teacher perceptions of the degree to which they feel empowered to participate in leadership activities at their school, and the effects of those opportunities on their job satisfaction. Measures of teacher job satisfaction included: (a) satisfaction with regard to salary, (b) promotional opportunities, (c) degree of job challenge, (d) autonomy and independence, (e) working conditions in general, and (f) the nature of interactions with both colleagues and students. The analysis found a high positive correlation between teacher empowennent and job satisfaction. While a high positive correlation was found between job satisfaction and empowerment, more than half of teacher job satisfaction issues were not conclusively explained by issues related to empowerment; thus, the authors suggested that qualitative studies focusing on job satisfaction and working conditions would provide additional information that would be useful in guiding policy and putting stmctures into place to improve teacher job satisfaction. Black and Gregersen (1997) examined a sample of participants from one medium- sized manufacturing company with headquarters located in the northeastern United States that instituted a corporate-sponsored employee involvement group (EIG) at five of the company’s manufacturing facilities. The purpose of the study was to examine the degree to which employee participation in decision-making affects job satisfaction and perfonnance. Members of the EIG participated in a workshop that included problem- solving and team-building activities that took place over two days. Questiomiaires were completed by 370 employees. The results indicated significant positive correlations
49 between opportunities to participate in decision-making processes and job satisfaction and performance. Rice and Schneider (1994) replicated a prior study conducted in 1980 to examine the effects of teacher empowerment on job satisfaction. The participants included 261 middle school teachers in schools in urban parts of Wisconsin who were asked to complete a survey. The analytic procedures used included descriptive analyses, factorial analysis of variance, correlation, regression, and t-tests. The findings implied that teachers desired more opportunities to be involved in leadership decision-making. Those who experienced higher levels of involvement reported higher levels of job satisfaction. Somech (2002) used surveys to investigate how 99 elementary school principals decided to include teachers as participants in leadership activities at their school sites. Somech’s sun/ey measured the elements of participative management, which is the process of decentralizing decision-making and sharing power (Sidener, 1995). The elements of participative management included the following domains: (a) opportunities to participate in decision-making, and (b) degree of participation in important decisions (Somech, 2002). The findings implied that principals seemed to view building teacher leadership capacity and teacher participation in leadership decision-making as important; however, no definitive conclusions could be drawn regarding the consequences of administrators providing leadership opportunities to teachers on teacher job satisfaction and overall school improvement. Somech explicated that the components of participative management are complex processes, and the individual components must each be studied
50 further before attempting to determine their effects on teacher job satisfaction and overall school effectiveness. Leadership capacity. Building teacher leadership capacity seems to result in greater job satisfaction (DuFour & Eaker, 1998; Fullan, 2006; Lambert, 2003). Schools that are able to sustain improvement in student achievement and build capacity within their organizations seem to foster greater satisfaction among their teaching staff (Lambert, 2003). Professional learning communities, which are a group of professional educators working toward a common goal of raising student achievement, have been shown to be effective in developing leadership capacity. Through participation in professional leaming communities, school leaders empower the members of their staff by enabling them to enter into a collective leaming process through broad-based participation, collaboration, and discovery through inquiry (DuFour & Eaker, 1998). In these studies, some of the issues commonly faced among teachers experiencing burnout are salary, school climate, years of experience, paperwork, planning time, administrative support, student behavior issues, and meaningful connections with their students and colleagues. Teacher participation in decision-making and building leadership capacity are noteworthy factors that may mitigate the effects of burnout. External factors. Researchers have documented the effects of external factors, and in particular, the influence of society’s perceptions of teachers and teaching and how this impacts the job satisfaction of those who have positions as teachers, as well as the profession’s ability to attract, recruit, and retain teachers (Billingsley, 2004; Hall & Langton, 2006; Inman & Marlow, 2004; Theoharis, 2008; Tye & O’Brien, Z002).
สนับสนุนเพื่อนร่วมงาน (b) 46 – ครูผู้ช่วยดิ้นรนร่วมรายงานความพึงพอใจมากขึ้น กัน ครูดิ้นรนรายงานความพึงพอใจมากขึ้นเมื่อได้รับ suppofi จากครูอื่น (ค) ผู้ปกครองมีส่วนร่วม – 7O %ของผู้ตอบแสดงความไม่พอใจกับการขาดการสนับสนุนโดยผู้ปกครอง และปัญหาพฤติกรรมนักเรียน (d) -86% ของผู้ตอบระบุการดิ้นรนเพื่อให้ได้เรียนอย่างน้อยสองงานกับครู ช้าง (2009) ทบทวนวรรณกรรมที่เกี่ยวข้องกับปัจจัยทางอารมณ์และถูกกระทำอย่างรุนแรงครู ดังที่เธอ ประวัติ วรรณคดีเน้นปัจจัยทางประชากร และการเมืองไทย/โรงเรียน ครู bumout จากมุมมองของอินเตอร์ตรวจสอบช้าง- และ intrapersonal ปัจจัย สูตรในกรอบทฤษฎีที่เสนอโดย Maslach et al. (2001) ช้างเน้น "มูลปัจจัย" (p. l98) ซึ่งมีสูตรในรูปแบบที่พัฒนา โดย Lazams และ Folkman (อ้างเป็นช้าง 2009), ซึ่งประกอบด้วยองค์ประกอบต่อไปนี้: (ก) การรับรู้หลัก/เพียร์สนับสนุน self-concept (b), (c) intemal รางวัล/ระดับมืออาชีพความพึงพอใจ และการโต้ตอบ (d) -ครู เมื่อปัจจัยเหล่านี้ทรานแซคชันไม่มีอยู่ ความไม่พอใจงานครูและถูกกระทำอย่างรุนแรงต่อมามีแนวโน้ม ครูมี oppoflunity การสร้างความสัมพันธ์ที่ใกล้ชิด และใกล้ชิดในความสัมพันธ์กับนักเรียนและเพื่อนร่วมงาน ซึ่งสามารถนำไปสู่อารมณ์ตอบรับ เช่น ความหวัง ความปรารถนา ความตื่นเต้น และภาคภูมิใจ อย่างไรก็ตาม โต้ตอบรุนแรงเหล่านี้อาจยังส่งผลในความรู้สึกของความกังวล แห้ว ความผิด วิตกกังวล และความผิดหวัง (ช้าง 2009) ถูกกระทำอย่างรุนแรงของอาจารย์สามารถใส่ใจเมื่อครูไม่มีการเชื่อมต่อทางอารมณ์ของนักเรียนและเพื่อนร่วมงาน (ฮาร์กรีฟส์ 2000) ในการสัมภาษณ์ของ 53 ครู 47 ในโรงเรียนแตกต่างกัน 15 ฮาร์กรีฟส์ posited ที่ ครูพบความรู้สึกทางลบเมื่อพวกเขาขาดการเชื่อมต่อกับนักศึกษา ภายหลัง ฮาร์กรีฟส์ (2002) พบว่า เมื่อครูรู้สึกว่าขาดการสนับสนุนจากผู้ดูแลหรือผู้ร่วมงาน พวกเขาพบความไม่พอใจมาก เช่นช้าง (2009), ซึ่ง posited สอนการฝึกอารมณ์ และให้ ครูลงทุนสูงในความพึงพอใจทางอารมณ์ที่เกิดจากการทำงานของพวกเขา ฮาร์กรีฟส์ (2000) posited ว่า ถ้าครูไม่ได้ประสบความพึงพอใจทางอารมณ์ เขาหรือเธอจะมีแนวโน้มต่ำงานพึงพอใจ ครูมีส่วนร่วมในการตัดสินใจ ให้โอกาสครูที่จะเข้าร่วมในการตัดสินใจเป็นผู้นำได้รับการแสดงเพื่อเพิ่มความมุ่งมั่นและความพึงพอใจในงาน กระบวนการตัดสินใจแบบมีส่วนร่วมมีแผน ดังนั้น มีหลายวิธีที่พนักงานสามารถมีส่วนร่วมในการตัดสินใจที่สำคัญที่สามารถใหญ่ได้ส่งผลกระทบต่อโรงเรียน (สีดำและ Gregersen, 1997 Klecker & Loadman, 1996 ข้าวและชไนเดอร์ 1994 Somech, 2002) Klecker และ Loadman (1996) ตรวจสอบความสัมพันธ์ระหว่างระดับที่ครูอำนาจสักหลาด และมีประสบการณ์งานความพึงพอใจ สมมติฐานของพวกเขามีโอกาสในการเสริมสร้างพลังอำนาจครูจะเพิ่มความพึงพอใจในงาน ผู้เข้าร่วมรวม l0, 544 ครูในโรงเรียนในรัฐโอไฮโอ 307 ที่ได้รับการสนับสนุน โดยรัฐเพื่อดำเนินการปรับโครงสร้าง มีวัดขนาด 6 ของอำนาจ: (ก) ครูมีส่วนร่วมในการตัดสินใจ, (b) ครูเข้าใจสถานะของพวกเขา โอกาสการเติบโตที่อาชีพครู (c) (d) แนวตั้ง, (e) ครูการรับรู้ตนเอง-efficacy และภาพลักษณ์ครู (1) ของผลกระทบกับนักเรียน มิติเหล่านี้มาจากมาตราส่วนอำนาจร่วมโรงเรียนที่สร้าง โดยสั้นและไรน์ฮาร์ท (เป็น 48 cited in Klecker & Loadman, 1996), which measures teacher perceptions of the degree to which they feel empowered to participate in leadership activities at their school, and the effects of those opportunities on their job satisfaction. Measures of teacher job satisfaction included: (a) satisfaction with regard to salary, (b) promotional opportunities, (c) degree of job challenge, (d) autonomy and independence, (e) working conditions in general, and (f) the nature of interactions with both colleagues and students. The analysis found a high positive correlation between teacher empowennent and job satisfaction. While a high positive correlation was found between job satisfaction and empowerment, more than half of teacher job satisfaction issues were not conclusively explained by issues related to empowerment; thus, the authors suggested that qualitative studies focusing on job satisfaction and working conditions would provide additional information that would be useful in guiding policy and putting stmctures into place to improve teacher job satisfaction. Black and Gregersen (1997) examined a sample of participants from one medium- sized manufacturing company with headquarters located in the northeastern United States that instituted a corporate-sponsored employee involvement group (EIG) at five of the company’s manufacturing facilities. The purpose of the study was to examine the degree to which employee participation in decision-making affects job satisfaction and perfonnance. Members of the EIG participated in a workshop that included problem- solving and team-building activities that took place over two days. Questiomiaires were completed by 370 employees. The results indicated significant positive correlations 49 between opportunities to participate in decision-making processes and job satisfaction and performance. Rice and Schneider (1994) replicated a prior study conducted in 1980 to examine the effects of teacher empowerment on job satisfaction. The participants included 261 middle school teachers in schools in urban parts of Wisconsin who were asked to complete a survey. The analytic procedures used included descriptive analyses, factorial analysis of variance, correlation, regression, and t-tests. The findings implied that teachers desired more opportunities to be involved in leadership decision-making. Those who experienced higher levels of involvement reported higher levels of job satisfaction. Somech (2002) used surveys to investigate how 99 elementary school principals decided to include teachers as participants in leadership activities at their school sites. Somech’s sun/ey measured the elements of participative management, which is the process of decentralizing decision-making and sharing power (Sidener, 1995). The elements of participative management included the following domains: (a) opportunities to participate in decision-making, and (b) degree of participation in important decisions (Somech, 2002). The findings implied that principals seemed to view building teacher leadership capacity and teacher participation in leadership decision-making as important; however, no definitive conclusions could be drawn regarding the consequences of administrators providing leadership opportunities to teachers on teacher job satisfaction and overall school improvement. Somech explicated that the components of participative management are complex processes, and the individual components must each be studied
50 further before attempting to determine their effects on teacher job satisfaction and overall school effectiveness. Leadership capacity. Building teacher leadership capacity seems to result in greater job satisfaction (DuFour & Eaker, 1998; Fullan, 2006; Lambert, 2003). Schools that are able to sustain improvement in student achievement and build capacity within their organizations seem to foster greater satisfaction among their teaching staff (Lambert, 2003). Professional learning communities, which are a group of professional educators working toward a common goal of raising student achievement, have been shown to be effective in developing leadership capacity. Through participation in professional leaming communities, school leaders empower the members of their staff by enabling them to enter into a collective leaming process through broad-based participation, collaboration, and discovery through inquiry (DuFour & Eaker, 1998). In these studies, some of the issues commonly faced among teachers experiencing burnout are salary, school climate, years of experience, paperwork, planning time, administrative support, student behavior issues, and meaningful connections with their students and colleagues. Teacher participation in decision-making and building leadership capacity are noteworthy factors that may mitigate the effects of burnout. External factors. Researchers have documented the effects of external factors, and in particular, the influence of society’s perceptions of teachers and teaching and how this impacts the job satisfaction of those who have positions as teachers, as well as the profession’s ability to attract, recruit, and retain teachers (Billingsley, 2004; Hall & Langton, 2006; Inman & Marlow, 2004; Theoharis, 2008; Tye & O’Brien, Z002).
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