A Case for Direct and Indirect Feedback "The other Side of Coin"
Saeed Mohammad Nejad
Azad University (Iran)
TEFL.1982@Gmail.com
Abstract
The use of WCF is a fundamental necessity in learning of English as a foreign language. If teachers
and students can manipulate well the use of written feedback, both parties will benefit. This
research looked at the types of feedback given to EFL students and to investigate what are the
students’ responses towards the use of written feedback in the writing class. For the purpose of
current survey which took place at Payeme nor university eighty students enrolled freely where they
were randomly assigned into two equal treatment groups: A) direct feedback group B) indirect
feedback group. During this 16-week study every student was asked to write six different essays
based on a list of topics from the same or at least similar genre. Core components of the treatment
included having students write a 250-word composition each session, and having teacher provide
students with corrective feedback on their writing, and encourage students to apply what they
learned in subsequent writing using feedback.
According to the statistical index, the study found that CF often facilitates the student’s ability to
identify the existence of an error. Comparisons of group means across testing sessions using t-test
consistently revealed that corrective feedback conditions had a positive effect on the learners'
grammatical accuracy. Furthermore, the results also revealed that error feedback on form in the
form of direct feedback is more beneficial than indirect feedback especially for proficient learners.
These findings seem to contradict claims from researchers such as Truscott (2007) who have
maintained that error correction is not helpful for improving the grammatical accuracy of L2 writing.
His controversial claim aroused plenty of discussion and debate (Ferris, 1999, 2002, 2004;
Bitchener, Young & Cameron, 2005).
Key Words: Direct feedback, EFL, Indirect feedback, Written corrective feedback, Written corrective
feedback on form.
A Case for Direct and Indirect Feedback "The other Side of Coin"Saeed Mohammad NejadAzad University (Iran)TEFL.1982@Gmail.comAbstractThe use of WCF is a fundamental necessity in learning of English as a foreign language. If teachersand students can manipulate well the use of written feedback, both parties will benefit. Thisresearch looked at the types of feedback given to EFL students and to investigate what are thestudents’ responses towards the use of written feedback in the writing class. For the purpose ofcurrent survey which took place at Payeme nor university eighty students enrolled freely where theywere randomly assigned into two equal treatment groups: A) direct feedback group B) indirectfeedback group. During this 16-week study every student was asked to write six different essaysbased on a list of topics from the same or at least similar genre. Core components of the treatmentincluded having students write a 250-word composition each session, and having teacher providestudents with corrective feedback on their writing, and encourage students to apply what theylearned in subsequent writing using feedback.According to the statistical index, the study found that CF often facilitates the student’s ability toidentify the existence of an error. Comparisons of group means across testing sessions using t-testconsistently revealed that corrective feedback conditions had a positive effect on the learners'grammatical accuracy. Furthermore, the results also revealed that error feedback on form in theform of direct feedback is more beneficial than indirect feedback especially for proficient learners.These findings seem to contradict claims from researchers such as Truscott (2007) who havemaintained that error correction is not helpful for improving the grammatical accuracy of L2 writing.His controversial claim aroused plenty of discussion and debate (Ferris, 1999, 2002, 2004;Bitchener, Young & Cameron, 2005).Key Words: Direct feedback, EFL, Indirect feedback, Written corrective feedback, Written correctivefeedback on form.
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