1. Introduction
Submarine networks with multiple system endpoints are traditionally implemented as a trunk and branch
architecture, with undersea branching nodes to route traffic to specific branch stations using OADM wavelength
routing technology. The overall system design including bandwidth allocations to each system endpoint are
determined at the purchase of the system. A consortium typically owns these systems with ownership distributed
between countries. However, it is hard to predict the capacity requirements over the 25 year lifetime of a system. In
addition, with the recent entry of content providers as system owners, there is a growing desire to provide more
flexible traffic capacity for connections between large data centers. This need is leading to the development of
undersea-qualified ROADM technologies for submarine cables. These ROADMs can enable the implementation of
submarine mesh networks.
In comparison, terrestrial networks have a single owner and contain multi-degree ROADMs to implement
flexible mesh networks. The ROADMs used in these networks can be designed to be colorless, directionless,
contentionless and gridless [1]. Transceivers based on coherent transmission technology have facilitated the
introduction of reconfigurable terrestrial networks, because the internal electronic dispersion compensation
capability can accommodate the resulting changes in accumulated dispersion. These networks can provide rapid
provisioning of new services as well as rapid reconfiguration for fault recovery. Some operators have combined
multi-degree land-based ROADMs with combinations of undersea and terrestrial links to create what could be
considered an undersea mesh network. In this type of network, the undersea path is considered a static network
segment.
1. Introduction
Submarine networks with multiple system endpoints are traditionally implemented as a trunk and branch
architecture, with undersea branching nodes to route traffic to specific branch stations using OADM wavelength
routing technology. The overall system design including bandwidth allocations to each system endpoint are
determined at the purchase of the system. A consortium typically owns these systems with ownership distributed
between countries. However, it is hard to predict the capacity requirements over the 25 year lifetime of a system. In
addition, with the recent entry of content providers as system owners, there is a growing desire to provide more
flexible traffic capacity for connections between large data centers. This need is leading to the development of
undersea-qualified ROADM technologies for submarine cables. These ROADMs can enable the implementation of
submarine mesh networks.
In comparison, terrestrial networks have a single owner and contain multi-degree ROADMs to implement
flexible mesh networks. The ROADMs used in these networks can be designed to be colorless, directionless,
contentionless and gridless [1]. Transceivers based on coherent transmission technology have facilitated the
introduction of reconfigurable terrestrial networks, because the internal electronic dispersion compensation
capability can accommodate the resulting changes in accumulated dispersion. These networks can provide rapid
provisioning of new services as well as rapid reconfiguration for fault recovery. Some operators have combined
multi-degree land-based ROADMs with combinations of undersea and terrestrial links to create what could be
considered an undersea mesh network. In this type of network, the undersea path is considered a static network
segment.
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