Future Focus Required
Villa et al. (2003) recommended that future research consider including multiple moderators that may interact with each other to impact performance that might be erroneously attributed to the leader. Dionne et al. (2005) suggested that future research consider testing the five possible conditions linking leader behavior, leadership effectiveness, and other situational variables (e.g., substitutes), which include (a) a leadership main effects model, (b) a substitutes main effect model, (c) an interactive or joint effects model, (d ) a mediation model, wherein the substitutes mediate leadership impact versus moderate, and (e) the originally proposed moderated model. Future research should also focus more on the nature of the samples to be included in tests of substitutes for leadership. For example, one might focus on the cultural background as well as quality of one’s followers by sampling professional workers who function in highly independent roles, as a possible sample for studying the boundary conditions for the effects of substitutes for leadership (Howell et al. 2007). Finally, to evaluate fairly the substitutes for theory propositions will require more longitudinal research designs. For example, leaders who are more transformational will develop followers over time to take on more leadership roles and responsibilities. The way such leaders structure the context to develop followership and the followership itself may ultimately substitute for the leader’s influence (Keller 2006).
Future Focus Required Villa et al. (2003) recommended that future research consider including multiple moderators that may interact with each other to impact performance that might be erroneously attributed to the leader. Dionne et al. (2005) suggested that future research consider testing the five possible conditions linking leader behavior, leadership effectiveness, and other situational variables (e.g., substitutes), which include (a) a leadership main effects model, (b) a substitutes main effect model, (c) an interactive or joint effects model, (d ) a mediation model, wherein the substitutes mediate leadership impact versus moderate, and (e) the originally proposed moderated model. Future research should also focus more on the nature of the samples to be included in tests of substitutes for leadership. For example, one might focus on the cultural background as well as quality of one’s followers by sampling professional workers who function in highly independent roles, as a possible sample for studying the boundary conditions for the effects of substitutes for leadership (Howell et al. 2007). Finally, to evaluate fairly the substitutes for theory propositions will require more longitudinal research designs. For example, leaders who are more transformational will develop followers over time to take on more leadership roles and responsibilities. The way such leaders structure the context to develop followership and the followership itself may ultimately substitute for the leader’s influence (Keller 2006).
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